私益信托的移植与本土化

发布时间：2018-05-19 21:05

本文选题：私益信托 + 法律移植　；参考：《武汉大学》2005年博士论文

【摘要】：本文论题“私益信托的移植与本土化”。全文分为五章,约14万字。第一章“信托的起源与演进”。第一节“信托的起源”旨在分析英国为什么会产生信托。在中世纪英格兰,国王、教会、封建领主以及普通老百姓常常因争夺土地财富发生冲突,国王利用其统治者的身份制定了种种限制土地处分、增加土地负担和风险的法律。为了规避这些土地处分的限制、土地负担以及风险,人们只得将土地的所有权名义上转让受托人,但由其为受益人的利益持有土地。由于用益权不受普通法的保护,当受托人背信弃义时,受益人只好向衡平法院的大法官们求助。于是,大法官赋予了受益权以强制执行力。大法官这样做与其基督教背景有着最直接的关系,基督教的需要和保护是信托产生的关键因素。首先,基督教教会是最大的受益人,承认用益权可以保护教会的经济利益;其次,赋予受益权强制执行力,就是给予大法官自己的利益以法律保障;而且,大法官们作为上帝在人间的代表,必须出面制止和惩诫违背基督教教义的行为,这样才符合“正义”和“良心”。王权受到限制是信托得以产生的政治保证,1215年的“大宪章”明确了国王必须服从法律、国王权力有限的原则,从而限制国王的权力。第二节“信托的演进”介绍和总结英美法上信托广阔的适用范围以及特殊的信托类型。首先,本节探讨了信托制度巨大弹性及灵活性的原因;其次,信托制度的高度灵活性的表现在其适用范围几乎覆盖整个私法领域,包括商法、财产法、合同法、继承法以及家庭或同居共有财产分配等。最后,本节介绍了英美法上的特殊信托类型,包括自由裁量信托、保护信托、消极信托、秘密信托、私人目的信托、归复信托和推定信托等等。第二章“私益信托的本土化”。第一节“信托法移植的障碍”分析了我国信托法移植的法律障碍和观念障碍。首先,信托制度与我国其他民法制度的调整范围相互重叠,该范围包括代理、合伙、合同的救济方式——返还财产、让与担保、所有权保留、无权处分、不当得利、继承、家庭及婚姻财产、公司法等私法制度。其次,英美信托的相关规则无法融入我国传统民法制度,主要体现在信托财产双重所有权与我国物权法的一物一权主义相冲突、受托人名义上的所有权破坏物权的公示公信、信托受益权的多样性与物权法定主义相冲突以及英美法上信托的成立方式难以融入我国相关法律制度等。其次,英美信托法的价值取向与我国现行法律的价值取向相悖,表现在三个方面:英美信托法过分强调原财产所有人的自由不利于保护交易安全和债权人利益,英美信托法增加了交易第三人成本和风险、英美信托有利于真正的所有权人隐匿财产。我国信托法移植的观念障碍表现为两个方面。一方面,信托的财产处分方式不符合中国人“子承父业”
[Abstract]:This thesis is entitled "transplantation and localization of private trust". The full text is divided into five chapters, about 14 words.
The first chapter "the origin and evolution of trust". The first section of "the origin of trust" is to analyze why the British will produce trust. In medieval England, the king, the church, the feudal lords and the ordinary people often fought for the land wealth, and the king used his ruler to make various restrictions on land punishment and increase the soil. The law of land burden and risk. In order to circumvent the restrictions, the burden of land and the risk, people have to transfer the ownership of the land in the name of the trustee, but it holds the land for the benefit of the beneficiary. As the usufruct is not protected by the common law, the beneficiary has to go to the equitable court when the trustee is betrayal. The judges asked for help. The judge gave the benefit to the enforcement power. The judge had the most direct relationship with the Christian background. The need and protection of Christianity was the key factor of the trust. First, the Christian Church was the biggest beneficiary, admitting the usufruct to protect the economic interests of the church; secondly, endowed with the Christian Church. The enforcement force of the right to benefit is to give the judge's own interests a legal guarantee; and, as a representative of God on earth, the judges must come to stop and punish the acts that violate the Christian doctrines, so that they are in line with "justice" and "conscience". The Charter "clarifies that the king must obey the law, the king's power is limited, thus limiting the power of the king. The second section" the evolution of the trust "introduces and summarizes the broad scope of application of the trust and the special type of trust in the Anglo American law. First, this section discusses the reasons for the great flexibility and flexibility of the trust system; secondly, the trust system. The high flexibility of its application covers almost the entire field of private law, including commercial law, property law, contract law, inheritance law and the distribution of family or cohabitation and property distribution. Finally, this section introduces the special types of trust in Anglo American law, including discretionary trust, protection trust, negative trust, secret trust, private purpose trust. Return to return trust and presumptive trust and so on.
The second chapter "the localization of private trust". The first section, "the barrier of trust law transplantation", analyzes the legal obstacles and conceptual barriers to the transplantation of trust law in our country. First, the trust system overlaps with the other civil law system of our country, which includes the agent, partnership and the same remedy way to return property, transfer and guarantee, It has the right to reserve, unauthorized disposition, unjust enrichment, inheritance, family and marital property, company law and other private law systems. Secondly, the relevant rules of the Anglo American trust cannot be incorporated into our traditional civil law system, which is mainly reflected in the conflict between the dual ownership of the trust property and the one right doctrine of the property law of our country, and the title of the trustee to destroy the property right in the name of the trustee. There are three aspects: the value orientation of the Anglo American trust law is contrary to the value orientation of the current law in our country, and the value orientation of the Anglo American trust law is contrary to the value orientation of the current law in our country, and the Anglo American trust law overemphasizes the owner of the original property. Freedom is not conducive to the protection of the transaction security and the interests of the creditors. The Anglo American trust law increases the cost and risk of the third party. The British and American trusts are beneficial to the real owners to hide their property. The conceptual barriers to the transplantation of trust law in China are two aspects. On the one hand, the way of disposing of the trust property does not conform to the "son bearing" of the Chinese.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D912.28;D913

【引证文献】