沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造

发布时间：2018-05-29 11:59

本文选题：沉默 + 意思表示　；参考：《西南财经大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：意思表示具有两种形式,一种是明示,另一种是默示。默示又分为可推断的行为和沉默两种。沉默是一种没有任何符号、任何语言、任何行为来表示其内心意思的状态。在私法领域,民事主体的一方,向另一方发出某种意思表示,而另一方民事主体对该意思表示沉默,这时就需要判断沉默是否具有意思表示的效果,以确定双方民事主体之间是否形成了某种法律关系。目前,我国《民通意见》第66条规定了沉默可以作为意思表示的两种情形,即当事人约定或法律规定。但是,在司法实践中,沉默作为意思表示的适用除了上述两种情形外,还存在一种情形,即法官依据私法自治原则或诚实信用原则裁量沉默是否构成意思表示。虽然法官的自由裁量拓宽了沉默作为意思表示的适用范围,但是立法上却没有规定沉默可以适用于此种情形。因此,为了探究法官自由裁量沉默构成意思表示的合理性,本文分成了三个部分,并通过分析法律相关理论和司法案例,比较国外相关制度,从而提出沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造。第一部分,主要介绍沉默可以作为意思表示及其具体分类。根据我国《民通意见》第66条的规定,沉默在我国可以作为意思表示的情形主要有两种,一种是当事人约定沉默具有意思表示的法律效果,第二种是法律直接规定沉默具有意思表示的法律效果。沉默作为意思表示可以是积极的意思表示,也可以是消极的意思表示。当沉默作为积极的意思表示时,沉默可以构成同意、追认、接受、承诺、购买、撤回、放弃等；当沉默作为消极的意思表示时,沉默可以构成拒绝追认或不追认。在沉默作为积极的意思表示情况下,沉默又可以分成三种类型,一是沉默构成承诺；二是代理中的沉默；三是其他沉默作为积极的意思表示,该类沉默的法律效果主要采用法律拟制予以确定。当沉默作为消极的意思表示时,由于相关法条较少,且沉默作为消极的意思表示和沉默不作为意思表示的法律效果一致,即都不会对法律关系的形成或改变产生任何影响,所以本文就不再后文研究和讨论沉默作为消极的意思表示的法律效果构造。第二部分,主要介绍沉默作为意思表示的解释与立法技术。意思表示的解释原则有三种,即意思主义、表示主义和折中主义。意思主义体现了私法自治原则,表示主义则体现了信赖保护原则。私法自治原则和信赖保护原则是私法领域中非常重要的原则,二者对民事主体意思表示的解释具有重要的作用。在意思表示的解释中,私法自治和信赖保护是一对相互制衡的价值。意思表示的解释过程即是对二者平衡的过程。在沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造中,私法自治原则和信赖保护原则是两个非常重要原则,它们对沉默作为意思表示的解释具有重要意义,因为两个原则都是沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造的基础,它们也是该构造的精神支撑和价值引导,保证了该构造能够充分解决司法实践中存在的问题,从而保障了交易的安全和效率。此外,本部分还介绍了法律拟制和法律推定两种立法技术。梳理我国民商法中关于沉默的规定,可以发现,大多数法律规定采用了法律拟制这样一种立法手段,来赋予沉默作为意思表示的法律效果。法律拟制作为一种立法手段,在拟制沉默意思时,也不可避免存在一些限制性解释,即沉默者不能因为自身认识错误而主张撤销法律拟制的效果。这种强制性规定排除了交易双方意思自治的可能。然而另一种填补法律漏洞的立法手段——法律推定,却发挥着与法律拟制不同的作用。沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造是否可以采用法律推定的方式予以确定,是值得深思的问题。因此,为了探寻这样一个问题,必须清楚地认识法律拟制和法律推定的概念、特点、意义以及区别,这对沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造,具有深远意义。第三部分,主要介绍沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造。就沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造而言,本文将之分成了三种类型来予以说明,一是沉默作为承诺的法律效果构造,二是代理中沉默的法律效果构造,三是其他沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造。对于第一种类型,本文一方面对比德国法、法国法、英美法上相关规定,另一方面梳理了我国相关司法案例,提出在立法上确定沉默构成承诺的新适用情形,即法官可以依据法自治原则认定沉默是否构成承诺,从而满足司法实践的需要。对于第二种类型——代理中的沉默的法律效果构造,司法实践上适用《民法通则》第66条第1款第3句的情形有三种,即表见代理补强理由、拟制追认或者二者同时适用。本文通过对比了德国法中的容忍代理制度、默示追认制度和美国法中不作否认代理制度,结合相关司法案例,提出了《民法通则》第66条第1款第3句中关于沉默的两种法律效果构造,即容忍代理和拟制追认。对于第三种类型——其他沉默作为意思表示的法律效果构造,本部分主要总结了相关司法案例,发现了其他沉默作为意思表示适用的新情形,而对该情形立法上也没有规定。因此,为了解决立法上对其他沉默作为意思表示规定的不足,本文提出在立法上确立法官可以依据私法自治原则来认定沉默作为意思表示,以及采用法律推定来确立某些司法案例中的常见类型,从而扩大其他沉默作为意思表示的法律效果的适用范围,使之不再局限于当事人约定和法律规定两种情况。
[Abstract]:There are two forms , one is express and the other is implied . The silence is a state in which there is no sign , any language , or any act to express its inner meaning . In the field of private law , the party of the civil subject expresses a certain meaning , and the other party ' s civil main body expresses its meaning .

In the first part , the main introduction of silence can be expressed as meaning and concrete classification . In accordance with the provisions of Article 66 of the Law of the People ' s Republic of China , the silence in our country can be expressed as meaning . One is the legal effect that the parties agree to be silent . The second is the legal effect of the meaning of silence . The silence can be positive or negative . Silence can constitute consent , recognition , acceptance , commitment , purchase , withdrawal , waiver , etc . when silence is a positive meaning .
In silence as a positive meaning , silence can be divided into three types : silence constitutes a commitment ;
Second , silence in the agency ;
Third , other silence as positive means that the legal effect of this kind of silence is mainly determined by the legal personification . When silence is negative , the legal effect of silence as negative means that the legal effect is not influenced by the formation or change of legal relations . Therefore , this article will no longer study and discuss the legal effect structure of silence as a negative meaning .

The principle of autonomy of private law and the principle of trust protection are very important principles in the field of private law . The principle of autonomy of private law and the principle of trust protection are very important principles in the field of private law .

This part also introduces two kinds of legislative techniques of legal fiction and legal presumption . It can be found that most laws provide the legal effect of silence as a means of legislation . In order to find such a problem , the legal effect of silence can be determined by the way of presumption of law .

The third part mainly introduces the legal effect structure of silence as meaning . In terms of the legal effect of silence as meaning , this paper divides it into three types , one is silence as the legal effect structure of commitment , the second is the legal effect structure of silence in the agency , and three is the other silence as the meaning of meaning . On the other hand , this article compares the relevant judicial cases in our country , and puts forward the new application situation of determining silence in legislation , that is , judge can decide whether silence constitutes a commitment according to the principle of law autonomy , thus meeting the needs of judicial practice .

In the second type _ agent , there are three types of legal effect of silence in judicial practice , namely , the case of the third sentence of Article 66 , paragraph 1 , in the judicial practice , that is , the reason for the reinforcement of the representation , the recognition of the proposed system or the application of both . In this paper , the two legal effects of silence in the third sentence of Article 66 , paragraph 1 , are put forward by comparing the tolerance agent system in German law , the implied recognition system and the United States law , namely , the tolerance agent and the proposed identification .

For the third type _ other silence as the meaning of the legal effect structure , this part mainly summarizes the relevant judicial cases , and finds out that other silence as meaning expresses the application of the new situation , and does not stipulate in the legislation of this situation . Therefore , in order to solve the deficiency that other silence is meant to be applicable , this paper proposes to establish the application scope of the legal effect in certain judicial cases according to the principle of private law autonomy , so as to enlarge the application scope of other silence as the meaning of the meaning , so that it is no longer limited to the parties ' agreement and the legal provisions .
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D923

【参考文献】