对海事赔偿责任限制若干问题的研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 08:16

本文选题：海事赔偿责任限制 + 责任限制主体　；参考：《上海海事大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海事赔偿责任限制是在特定的历史条件下产生的一项制度,从其产生、发展到如今,历经不断完善,已经成为各国海事法中不可缺少的内容。但是,随着时代的不断发展,尤其是到了近代社会,造船技术和通讯设备的完善使得船舶所有人对船舶的监督得到加强,海上保险业的迅速发展也实现了所有人责任向海上保险人的转移,所以海事赔偿责任限制的立法理由已经越来越多地受到挑战。笔者认为海运业承担的陆上企业所无法比拟的特殊风险依然存在,所以应对海上特殊风险而产生的海事赔偿责任限制制度依然有其存在的必要性和合理性。笔者选择海事赔偿责任限制作为自己毕业论文的研究课题,旨在对这一海商法所特有的制度进行论述,了解其历史发展,探究其立法本意,完善其理论研究,以期更好地指导海事赔偿责任限制在实践中的具体适用,使得这一特殊的制度能最大限度地发挥出其应有的作用。本文主要分三个部分对海事赔偿责任限制进行了论述。第一部分是对该项制度的概述,介绍了海事赔偿责任限制的概念,分析了责任限制的五种方式及各自的利弊,并着重阐述了海事赔偿责任限制在当代社会存在的必要性。第二部分是本文的重点,论述的是海事赔偿责任限制的构成要件。在详细介绍相关国际公约和我国国内法具体规定的基础上,笔者对一些有争议的问题提出了自己的观点。本文认为海事赔偿责任限制船舶应该扩大适用到在中华人民共和国(大陆)沿海港口之间、与海相通的内陆可航水域、以及沿海和内陆可航水域港口之间从事客、货运输的船舶;赋予责任保险人海事赔偿责任限制权符合民法的公平原则和海事赔偿责任限制的立法精神,财务担保人应该同责任保险人一样被纳入海事赔偿责任限制主体的范围,而无船承运人由于其固有的特征应当被排除在外;在责任限额方面笔者认为应当考虑将有关规则确立的300吨以下船舶的责任限额转移到《海商法》中去,同时为20总吨以下的小型船艇规定一个具体的限额或确定一个计算其最高赔偿数额的方法,以使《海商法》在责任限额的体系上更加完整,在适用上更加方便。第三部分主要是对海事赔偿责任限制程序性问题的探讨,笔者得出的结论是援引海事赔偿责任限制的行为是一种独立的“诉”,责任人申请设立海事赔偿责任限制基金必须以实际享有海事赔偿责任权为前提。在收集了大量资料和经过缜密思考的基础上,笔者指出了海事赔偿责任限制制度在理论和实践上存在的一些问题并进行了深入研究,提出了解决方法,虽然仅仅是笔者的一家之言,谨希望能为在我国更好的认识和适用海事赔偿责任限制制度抛砖引玉。
[Abstract]:The limitation of liability for maritime claims is a system produced under the specific historical conditions. From its emergence and development to now, it has become an indispensable content in the maritime law of various countries. However, with the continuous development of the times, especially in the modern society, shipbuilding technology and communication equipment to improve the ship owners to strengthen the supervision of the ship, The rapid development of the marine insurance industry has also realized the transfer of the owner's liability to the marine insurer, so the legislative reasons for the limitation of maritime liability have been challenged more and more. The author thinks that the special risks which the onshore enterprises can not bear still exist, so the limitation system of maritime compensation liability arising from the special risks at sea still has its necessity and rationality. The author chooses the limitation of liability for maritime claims as the research topic of his graduation thesis in order to discuss the unique system of maritime law, to understand its historical development, to explore its legislative intent, and to perfect its theoretical research. In order to better guide the application of the limitation of maritime liability in practice, this special system can play its due role to the maximum extent. This paper mainly discusses the limitation of liability for maritime claims in three parts. The first part is an overview of the system, introduces the concept of limitation of liability for maritime claims, analyzes the five ways of limitation of liability and their respective advantages and disadvantages, and emphatically expounds the necessity of the limitation of liability for maritime claims in contemporary society. The second part is the focus of this paper, which discusses the constitutive elements of the limitation of liability for maritime claims. Based on the detailed introduction of relevant international conventions and the specific provisions of China's domestic law, the author puts forward his own views on some controversial issues. This paper holds that the limitation of maritime liability should be extended to the inland navigable waters between the coastal ports of the people's Republic of China (mainland), the inland navigable waters connected with the sea, and the ports between the coastal and inland navigable waters. The right to limit liability for maritime claims granted to the liable insurer conforms to the principle of fairness in the civil law and the legislative spirit of the limitation of liability for maritime claims. The financial guarantor should be included in the scope of the subject of limitation of liability for maritime claims as the liability insurer, while the NVOCC should be excluded because of its inherent characteristics; In terms of liability limits, the author thinks that consideration should be given to transferring the liability limits of ships under 300 tons established by the relevant rules to the Maritime Law. At the same time, a specific limit or a method of calculating the maximum amount of compensation are set for a small ship of less than 20 tons in order to make the Maritime Code more complete in the system of liability limits and more convenient in its application. The third part mainly discusses the procedural issues of limitation of liability for maritime claims. The author draws the conclusion that the act of invoking the limitation of liability for maritime claims is an independent "suit". The liability limitation fund for maritime claims must be based on the actual right of maritime claim liability. On the basis of collecting a great deal of information and careful thinking, the author points out some problems existing in the system of limitation of liability for maritime claims in theory and practice, and makes a thorough study, and puts forward some solutions. Although only the author's words, I hope to better understand and apply the limitation system of maritime claims liability in our country.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

【引证文献】