海上保险利益研究

发布时间：2018-05-30 18:18

本文选题：海上保险利益 + “法定利益”说　；参考：《西南政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海上运输是国际贸易的重要组成部分，海上保险是海运的重要保障。海上保险是海运事业不可或缺的一个环节，被保险人可以通过保险的形式把风险转嫁给保险公司，而保险公司可以通过被保险人缴纳保费等筹措资金。因此海上保险与海运息息相关，对国际贸易和海上运输发展起到了积极的作用。海上保险作为保险法学和海商法学有机结合的产物，适用保险中的诸多原则，其中较为重要的原则之一即保险利益原则。最早以法律的形式规定海上保险利益的是英国《1746年海上保险法》(Marine Insurance Act 1746)。英国《1906年海上保险法》(Marine Insurance Act 1906)(下文简称MIA1906)不仅规定了没有保险利益的海上保险合同是无效的，而且具体规定了海上保险利益的定义、具有保险利益的时间和海上保险利益的种类。我国在研究海上保险利益时对MIA1906多有借鉴，然而过多拘泥于MIA1906导致对其他国家海上保险立法的忽视以及对国际贸易发展需要的认识。对海上保险利益认识的不充分影响后续研究的顺利进行，使得《海商法》立法中迟迟不能就海上保险利益进行规定，难以顺应海上运输及国际贸易的发展。关于保险利益，长期以来存在“法定利益”说(legal interest theory)与“实际利益”说(factual expectancy theory)之争。本文在论述后者的合理性之后，基于“实际利益”说的视角，对海上保险利益的种类进行全面分析并探讨其对海上保险合同的指导意义。特别强调对海上保险利益的范围不可限定过严，对于一些仅基于事实而产生的经济利益，即无法律权利或合同约定作基础的实际利益，若符合有关条件，也可认定为海上保险利益。全文分为六个部分，第一部分“海上保险利益的概念”，通过对各国海上保险利益法律规定的分析，总结出虽然各国海上保险立法模式有所不同，，但对于海上保险利益的认识从总体上可以分为两个派别，以英国为代表的国家或地区采用“法定利益”说，以美国为代表的国家或地区采用“实际利益”说。相对于“法定利益”说，“实际利益”说更为合理，该部分基于后者的视角定义海上保险利益并分析其特点。第二部分“实际利益是否属于海上保险利益的判断”，对于实际利益是否属于海上保险利益的判断主要从以下方面来进行：判断该实际利益是否违反法律禁止性规定及公序良俗，是否具有确定性、可计算性，并辅之以补充判断方式。第三部分“海上保险利益体系重构”，“实际利益”说认可仅以某种事实为基础所产生的利益即实际利益为海上保险利益，增加了海上保险利益的种类。本部分将新增的种类加入原有种类中对海上保险利益体系进行重构。第四部分“保险利益——海上保险合同的标的”，保险利益是海上保险合同的标的，它是判断保险合同种类的重要依据。保险利益的种类，直接决定海上保险险种的确定。重构后的海上保险利益体系逻辑性和条理性更强，不仅有利于厘清海上保险现有险种，还为在传统的海上保险合同之外设立新的种类提供了可能。第五部分“保险利益——海上保险合同的效力要件”，作为海上保险合同的标的，保险利益决定海上保险合同的效力。该部分分合同成立时和生效后两个阶段论述保险利益对海上保险合同效力的影响。最后一部分对“实际利益”说下的海上保险利益进行总结并对我国海上保险立法提出建议，认为在相关法律修改条件尚未成熟的情况下，最高人民法院应出台相关司法解释，解释要充分考虑海上保险的特殊性及国际贸易的需要，不要过分严格要求保险利益的形式，对某些确实符合条件的实际利益也予以认定为保险利益，同时要对一些现存的不足进行补正，对一些旧有的误解进行澄清。
[Abstract]:Maritime transportation is an important part of international trade. Marine insurance is an important guarantee for marine transportation. Marine insurance is an indispensable part of maritime transportation. Insurers can transfer risks to insurance companies through insurance, and insurance companies can pay premium and other funds through the insured. Maritime transportation is closely related to the development of international trade and maritime transport. Marine insurance, as an organic combination of insurance law and maritime law, applies many principles in insurance. One of the most important principles is the principle of insurance interest.
The earliest maritime insurance interests in the form of law are the British <1746 Maritime Insurance Act (Marine Insurance Act 1746). The UK <1906 Maritime Insurance Act (Marine Insurance Act 1906) (hereinafter referred to as MIA1906) not only stipulates that the joint maritime insurance with no insurable interest is invalid, but also specifies the interests of marine insurance. Definition, the time of insurance interest and the types of marine insurance interests. Our country has a lot of reference to MIA1906 in the study of marine insurance interests. However, too much restriction on MIA1906 leads to the neglect of other countries' maritime insurance legislation and the understanding of the needs of international trade development. The successful implementation of the law makes it difficult to comply with the maritime insurance interests in the legislation of maritime law, so it is difficult to adapt to the development of maritime transportation and international trade.
In the interest of insurance, there has been a long dispute between "legal interest theory" and "factual expectancy theory". After discussing the rationality of the latter, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the types of marine insurance interests and discusses the contract for marine insurance on the basis of the theory of "actual interest". In particular, it emphasizes that the scope of the interests of marine insurance may not be strictly limited, and that the actual interests of some economic interests which are only based on facts, that is, the basis of no legal rights or contract agreements, can also be identified as maritime insurance interests if they meet the relevant conditions.
The full text is divided into six parts. The first part is "the concept of maritime insurance interest". Through the analysis of the legal provisions of marine insurance interests of various countries, it is concluded that although the legislative modes of maritime insurance are different in various countries, the understanding of the interests of marine insurance can be divided into two factions in general, and the countries and regions represented by the United Kingdom are adopted. "Legal interests" said that the country or region, represented by the United States, uses "practical interests". Relative to the "legal interests", "actual interests" is more reasonable, and the part is based on the perspective of the latter to define the interests of marine insurance and analyze its characteristics.
The second part is "whether the actual interests belong to the judgment of the interests of marine insurance". The judgment of whether the actual interests belong to the interests of marine insurance is mainly from the following aspects: whether the actual interests are in violation of the legal prohibition and public order and good customs, whether it is deterministic, computable, and supplemented by supplementary judgment.
The third part, "reconstruction of the marine insurance interest system", "actual interests" said that the benefit produced by only a certain fact is the benefit of maritime insurance, that is, the benefit of marine insurance, increasing the types of marine insurance interests. This part reconstructs the new species into the original species of the marine insurance interest system.
The fourth part, "insurance interest - the standard of marine insurance contract", insurance interest is the standard of marine insurance contract. It is an important basis for judging the types of insurance contracts. The types of insurance interests directly determine the determination of marine insurance insurance. The reconstituted maritime insurance interests are more logical and rational, not only conducive to the determination of the marine insurance interests. It is possible to set up new categories outside the traditional marine insurance contract.
The fifth part "the insurance interest - the validity of the marine insurance contract", as the standard of the marine insurance contract, the insurance interest determines the effectiveness of the marine insurance contract. This part discusses the effect of the insurance interest on the effectiveness of the marine insurance contract at the time of the establishment of the contract and the two stages after its entry into force.
The last part sums up the interests of maritime insurance under the "actual interests" and puts forward some suggestions on the legislation of marine insurance in China. It is considered that the Supreme People's court should introduce relevant judicial interpretations in the case of the relevant laws and regulations, and explain that the particularity of marine insurance and the needs of international trade should be fully considered. In the form of excessive strict requirements for the benefits of insurance, the actual interests of certain conditions are also identified as insurance interests. At the same time, some existing shortcomings should be corrected and some old misunderstandings are clarified.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D912.28;D912.29

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