我国海上拖航中的损害赔偿责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-08-16 07:43

【摘要】：海上拖航作为海上作业方式之一,其应用日益广泛,拖船拖带载货驳船的海上货物运输不断增多,无动力的海上油气开采设备离不开拖航作业,甚至在工程建设领域如跨海大桥的建造中,海上拖航也不可或缺。然而,不论从国际立法还是国内法规制来看,对海上拖航的规定都涉及甚少且较为零散,尤其是海上拖航损害赔偿责任这一核心问题。该责任之所以尤为重要,在于其不仅是平衡拖带双方利益的有效手段,更是支撑海上拖航产业持续壮大、维护拖带作业正常秩序的有力保证。目前,就海上拖航这一作业形式没有统一的国际公约可以适用,有关规则散见于各国国内的海事立法中。我国《海商法》第七部分以专章的形式对海上拖航进行规制,但该部分仅有五条条文涉及其损害赔偿责任,条文内容比较简略。并且,仅有的规范中大部分是任意性规范,赋予当事人很大程度的缔约自由。在实践中,拖航企业以其制定的标准合同对拖带双方的责任进行划分,不同拖航合同的责任划分有所区别,但都存在相当数量对承拖方有所倾斜的条款。司法实践中,对这些合同条款的认定缺乏判断所需的有关法律标准且存在较多分歧。同时,拖航的船队作业方式以及动力船舶拖带无动力船舶的作业特点,使得其在适用一般海事规则时存在困境,如就对第三人的连带责任限制问题而言,存在限额计算上的争议。本文立足于《海商法》第七部分海上拖航有关内容,在全面理解其损害赔偿责任有关理论的基础上,结合国内外的典型案例,深入分析我国的损害赔偿责任在法律规制和具体适用中存在的问题,并提出对应的解决思路或解决方案。除引言和结语外,本文分为五个部分:第一部分“海上拖航损害赔偿责任概述”。首先厘清海上拖航损害赔偿责任的有关概念,对文章的写作范围进行界定,然后归纳该责任的特殊性,为下文的写作提供指导,总之这部分为下文问题的展开做铺垫。第二部分“我国海上拖航损害赔偿责任的划分问题”。以分析我国《海商法》的现行规定为基础,将责任划分问题分为拖带双方的责任划分和涉及第三方的责任划分两类并分别进行分析,其中举证责任分配依据和责任划分标准问题与海上拖航作业紧密结合,是本部分的核心内容。第三部分“我国海上拖航合同免责条款的效力问题”。首先明确《海商法》第162条是否赋予当事人在合同中约定免责条款的权利,进而分析该规则是否能作为免责条款效力的判断依据,其次就当前合同中典型的免责条款进行有针对性的分析,再次就适拖义务的履行是否影响协议免责事由的援引提出疑问,最后就免责约定是否构成格式条款而适用《合同法》有关规定进行分析。第四部分“我国海上拖航损害赔偿责任限制的问题”。对拖航连带责任适用责任限制制度的困境进行梳理,包括连带责任下责任限额计算方案的分歧和该责任下责任限制基金的设立问题与分配问题。第五部分“完善我国海上拖航损害赔偿责任的若干建议”。在对第二、第三、第四部分的各个问题进一步分析的基础上,提出完善建议如以举证责任的倒置合理分配拖带双方责任,以指挥权原则的引入指导责任划分,界定免责条款效力的判断依据,明确连带责任下责任限额的计算等,以期为有关司法实践问题的解决寻求路径。
[Abstract]:As one of the sea operations, towing is widely used. The cargo transportation of tugboat towing barge is increasing. Unpowered offshore oil and gas exploitation equipment can not be separated from towing operation. Even in the construction of engineering fields such as cross-sea bridge, towing is indispensable. In terms of domestic laws and regulations, the provisions on towing at sea are very few and scattered, especially the core issue of liability for damages caused by towing at sea. At present, there is no uniform International Convention on towing at sea, and the relevant rules are scattered in the domestic maritime legislation of various countries. The seventh part of China's Maritime Code regulates towing at sea in the form of a special chapter. However, there are only five articles in this part which deal with the liability for damages. In practice, the towing enterprise divides the responsibilities of towing parties according to the standard contracts it formulates, and the responsibilities of different towing contracts are different, but there are a considerable number of provisions that are inclined to the towing party. In the practice of law, the determination of these contract terms lacks the relevant legal standards and there are many differences. At the same time, the operation mode of towing fleet and the operation characteristics of powered ships towing unpowered ships make it difficult to apply general maritime rules, such as the limitation of joint and several liability for third parties. There are disputes on the calculation of the limit. Based on the relevant contents of the seventh part of the Maritime Code, and on the basis of comprehensively understanding the relevant theories of the liability for damages, combined with typical cases at home and abroad, this paper makes a thorough analysis of the problems existing in the legal regulation and specific application of the liability for damages in China, and puts forward corresponding solutions. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into five parts: the first part of the "overview of the liability for damages caused by towing at sea". First of all, clarify the concept of liability for damages caused by towing at sea, define the scope of the article, and then summarize the particularity of the liability, to provide guidance for the writing of the following part, in short The second part is "the division of liability for damages caused by towing at sea in China". Based on the analysis of the current provisions of China's Maritime Law, the division of liability is divided into two categories: the division of liability between towing parties and the division of liability involving third parties, and the distribution of the burden of proof is analyzed separately. The third part is about the validity of the exemption clause in China's maritime towage contract. First, it is clear whether Article 162 of the Maritime Code gives the parties the right to stipulate the exemption clause in the contract, and then it is analyzed whether the rule can be regarded as exemption. The judgment basis of the validity of the clause is followed by a pertinent analysis of the typical exemption clause in the current contract. The question is raised again as to whether the performance of the obligation of delay affects the invocation of the exemption cause of the agreement. Finally, the analysis is made on whether the exemption Agreement constitutes a standard clause and applies the relevant provisions of the Contract Law. Chapter Five is about how to perfect the liability for damages caused by Towage at sea in China. On the basis of the further analysis of the problems in the second, third and fourth parts, this paper puts forward some suggestions, such as reasonably allocating the burden of proof to both parties, dividing the guiding responsibility by introducing the principle of command power, defining the judgment basis of the validity of exemption clauses, and defining the calculation of the limit of liability under joint and several liability. To seek a solution to the problem of judicial practice.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.294

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