国家主管机关海难救助法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-10-15 09:44

【摘要】：随着全球经济的快速发展,海上贸易的重要作用日益凸显。船舶作为海上贸易的主要载体,在航运市场发挥着重要作用。船舶的航行安全一直是各国所致力研究的课题。但船舶在海上航行,仍难以避免海难事故的发生。海难事故一旦发生,即面临海难救助的问题。海难救助发展到今天,已不仅仅局限于传统的双方合意的合同救助,随着国家主管机关的加入,海难救助的法律关系更为复杂。我国现行法律体系中,缺少对主管机关海难救助的系统性规定,实践中,主管机关海难救助对维护海上交通安全、保障航运市场的正常运行,发挥着不可忽视的作用。相对于主管机关海难救助的快速发展,理论研究和相关立法都略显落后,基于此,笔者拟大胆做一尝试,对主管机关海难救助的法律问题进行系统阐述,以弥补我国立法的不足。本文先从主管机关海难救助的基础理论出发,通过国家职能的转变分析救助领域中的国家救助,从而扩展到海难救助领域中的国家主管机关救助。对主管机关海难救助的概念、种类、法律特征等进行了分析,同时与传统的民事救助进行比较区别。随后,对主管机关海难救助中的法律关系进行了分析。 _主管机关的海难救助包括三种形式：合同救助、行政救助和强制救助。在合同救助中,主管机关享有民事主体的法律地位,其法律适用是《海商法》第192条；在行政救助中,所依据的法律是《海上交通安全法》,具体内容包括组织救助作业和实施人命救助等对行政相对人有益的具体行政行为；在强制救助中,主管机关可以对不履行义务的行政相对人采取行政强制措施,从而达到维护海上交通安全和保护海洋环境等公共利益的目的。最后,笔者对我国主管机关海难救助体制的构建提出了几点建议：统一的救助主体、明确的权利义务和法律责任。并对我国主管机关海难救助的未来发展趋势进行了展望。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the global economy, the important role of maritime trade is increasingly prominent. As the main carrier of maritime trade, ship plays an important role in the shipping market. The safety of navigation of ships has always been the research topic of various countries. However, it is still difficult to avoid the occurrence of shipwreck when the ship is sailing at sea. Once a maritime accident occurs, it will be faced with the problem of rescue at sea. Nowadays, salvage at sea is not only limited to the traditional contractual salvage agreed by both parties, but also the legal relationship of salvage is more complicated with the participation of the national competent authorities. In the current legal system of our country, there is a lack of systematic provisions on the rescue of the competent authority. In practice, the salvage of the maritime disaster by the competent authority plays an important role in maintaining the safety of maritime traffic and ensuring the normal operation of the shipping market. Compared with the rapid development of shipwrecked rescue by the competent authority, the theoretical research and relevant legislation are slightly lagging behind. Based on this, the author intends to make a bold attempt to systematically expound the legal problems of the shipwrecked rescue by the competent authority. In order to make up for the lack of legislation in China. Starting from the basic theory of the competent authority's salvage at sea, this paper analyzes the state rescue in the field of salvage through the transformation of state functions, and then extends it to the rescue of the national competent authority in the field of salvage at sea. This paper analyzes the concept, types and legal characteristics of salvage at sea, and compares it with the traditional civil rescue. After that, the author analyzes the legal relationship of the competent authority in the salvage of maritime distress. _ the salvage of the competent authority includes three forms: contract salvage, administrative rescue and compulsory salvage. In contractual assistance, the competent authority enjoys the legal status of the civil subject, the legal application of which is Article 192 of the Maritime Law; in the case of administrative assistance, The law based on is the Maritime Traffic Safety Law, which includes specific administrative acts beneficial to the administrative counterpart, such as organizing rescue operations and carrying out rescue of human life; in compulsory rescue, The competent authorities may take administrative coercive measures against administrative counterparts who do not perform their obligations, thus achieving the purpose of safeguarding maritime traffic safety and protecting the marine environment and other public interests. Finally, the author puts forward some suggestions on the construction of the salvage system of China's competent authorities: unified salvage subject, clear rights and obligations, and legal responsibility. The future development trend of shipwrecked rescue by competent authorities in China is also prospected.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D996.19

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