近代中国宪法中人身自由条款研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 07:25

本文关键词：近代中国宪法中人身自由条款研究　出处：《华中科技大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人身自由是近代个人自由的第一要义。历来宪法宣示人身自由作为公民的一项基本权利。而限制人身自由是国家权力惩罚和防范违法犯罪、维护他人权利和公共利益的主要方式之一。因而根据宪法基本权利的理论,一般在宪法中首先宣示享有人身自由的基本权利,继而基于公共利益而对权利予以相应的限制,最后对限制基本权利的权力进行限制并提供救济方式,构成“权利宣示——权利限制——权利救济”的基本权利立宪模式。在近代社会转变的过程中,宪法宣示和保障人身自由,意义尤其重大。通过梳理近代中国对于人身自由的立宪史,可以清晰地展现人身自由立宪的变迁轨迹和完善过程。首先,宪法保障人身自由,意味着禁止奴役,禁止买卖人口,禁止身体刑罚等人身强制和侵犯行为。在历史上那些行为曾是屡见不鲜的,甚至在古代社会是被认可的,是统治者对人民统治与剥削的表现。禁止奴役、人身买卖和身体刑罚本是现代人身自由的题中应有之义,因而在民国初期的立宪中并没有进行专门规定。然而,在面对北洋政府沿袭历史恶政的政治现实,湖南省宪法等二十年代及以后的立宪明列条文对奴役、人身买卖、身体罚等违背人身自由的情形予以坚决地禁止。其次,近代立宪对于人身自由的认识经过了一个从认为宪法仅宣示权利到认为宪法还应该直接赋予人民以救济方式的转变。清末预备立宪是中国第一次采用西方的立宪形式来对政府和人民关系进行规定。然而统治者只是希望采纳那一种形式来挽救统治危机而已,并不接受立宪背后之民主法治理念。对于人民的基本权利则是以限制为原则而不是承认权利优先。“临时约法”只是对人身自由进行了宣示性的规定,“天坛宪草”创造性地引入了“保护状”制度对人身自由进行针对性的保护。此后,宪法不断严格对于限制人身自由的权力的约束,从简单地“依法律……”限制到依法定程序限制。宪法为人身自由提供的救济方式由出庭状制度转变为提审制度,更符合成文法的法治背景。最后,南京国民政府时期的立宪中关于基本权利的规定吸收了之前多次立宪的经验,集近代中国基本权利立宪之大成。1947年宪法以最大篇幅、体系完整地对人身自由进行了规定,还建立司法院大法官制度、国家赔偿制度保障人身自由及其他基本权利的落实和救济。
[Abstract]:Personal liberty is the first important meaning of personal freedom in modern times. The Constitution has always declared personal liberty as a basic right of citizens, while restricting personal freedom is the power of the state to punish and prevent illegal crimes. One of the main ways to safeguard the rights of others and the public interest. Therefore, according to the theory of the fundamental rights of the Constitution, the basic right to personal liberty is generally declared in the Constitution first. Then on the basis of the public interest to limit the rights of the corresponding, and finally to limit the power to limit the basic rights and provide relief. It constitutes the constitutional mode of the basic right of "right proclamation-right restriction-right remedy". In the process of modern society transformation, the constitution declares and protects the personal freedom. By combing the constitutional history of personal freedom in modern China, we can clearly show the path and process of the constitutional change of personal freedom. First, the Constitution guarantees personal freedom, which means the prohibition of slavery. The prohibition of human trafficking, physical punishment and other physical coercion and violations. In history, those acts were common, even in ancient society is recognized. The prohibition of enslavement, the sale of persons and the punishment of the body are the proper meaning of modern personal freedom, so there was no special provision in the constitution in the early period of the Republic of China. In the face of the political reality of the Bei Yang government following the historical evil policies, the constitution of Hunan Province on 20s and later made clear the provisions on slavery and personal trading. Physical punishment and other violations of personal freedom to be firmly prohibited. Second. The understanding of personal freedom in modern constitutionalism has gone through a change from the belief that the constitution only declares the right to the people as well as the way in which the constitution should be directly given to the people. The preparatory constitution in the late Qing Dynasty was the first time for China to adopt a western constitution. Form governs the relationship between the government and the people. However, the ruler only wants to adopt which form to save the crisis of rule. It does not accept the idea of democracy and the rule of law behind the constitution. The basic rights of the people are based on the principle of restriction rather than the recognition of rights. "Temple of Heaven Constitution" creatively introduced the "warrant of protection" system to protect personal freedom. Since then, the Constitution has constantly strictly restricted the power to restrict personal freedom. From simply "according to the law..." to according to the legal procedures. The constitutional relief for personal freedom changed from the system of pleadings to the system of arraignment, which is more in line with the rule of law background of statutory law. Finally. The provisions on fundamental rights in the constitution of the Nanjing National Government absorbed the experience of many previous constitutions and collected the great achievements of the constitution of basic rights in modern China. In 1947, the constitution was devoted to the greatest space. The system stipulates the personal freedom completely, and also establishes the justice system of the judicial court, and the state compensation system guarantees the implementation and relief of personal liberty and other basic rights.
【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D921

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