中央政府机构大部制改革研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 05:31

本文关键词： 政府机构大部制宪法内涵　出处：《中国政法大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在当今世界各国宪法发展过程中,行政权力越来越大。宪法是保障公民的权利和约束公权力的保障书。服务型政府理念的提出,符合宪政发展的要求。大部制的改革,是宪政发展的必然内容,因为大部制改革,是不断推进政府职能与机构的整合,提高政府管理事务的效率,实现为民服务的宗旨。大部制在西方发达国家的实践有一些成功的案例,一些国家的大部制改革基于了自己的国情,形式各具特色,符合本国市场经济和宪政发展的需要。精简机构、理顺职能避免权责交叉和政出多门的问题,提高行政效率,法治型政府和服务型政府理念等特点是大部制改革的共同点。本文论述了我国中央政府机构进行大部制改革,其实质是一场宪法秩序的运动和构建,是对宪政的运作和发展。因此,我国中央机构大部制的改革必须符合宪政要求,以市场经济为基础,符合建设服务型政府、构建和谐社会的理念。本文分为四个部分展开论述: 第一部分阐述了大部制的基本内涵和一般结构特点。关于大部制的内涵,国内的学者给出的涵义是多种多样的。笔者从权能清晰和协调服务的角度来看,认为中央“大部制”的内涵,是指中央政府的各级部门在机构设置上横向覆盖的范围加大,由一个部门使用相似雷同的职能,该大部门主要为制定国家战略、进行宏观管理等职能,其突出特点是“职能大、职责清、领域宽、机构少”。大部制的结构特点主要阐述了:部门以协调性的和政策性职能为主;合并类似的职能部门;对大部组织的监督,也是一个问题;大部结构会在内部产生较多的平级部门和等级。接着从必要性的角度,阐述了大部制是中央政府机构改革的重要模式,即符合宪政要求、符合市场经济和符合民主政治。第二部分分析了世界主要发达国家(美、英、日)政府大部门体制的改革情况。此三个国家的大部制改革都是在遵循宪政的基础上,围绕服务型政府理念展开的。美国大部制改革主要介绍了:联邦政府结构;大部制典型—美国商务部和大部制的特点及分析:“大部制”名副其实;分工明确,职责清晰;政府管理与时俱进;独立机构辅佐大部。英国政府的大部门体制分析了:英国大部制改革的背景与决策过程;政府重组的目标与方案;政府重组的实施过程与结果;英国学者对改革的分析评价。分析日本政府的大部门体制改革时主要围绕:日本内阁改革后的部门设置及职能;日本政府改革的动因和日本政府改革的目标和特点。文章第二部分为以后的第三部分和第四部分做了铺垫。第三部分是全文的重点和难点,主要从宪法的角度分析了中央政府机构大部制改革。首先,阐述中央政府机构发展概述,包括新中国成立至改革开放前中央政府机构改革历程(3次)和改革开放后中央政府机构改革历程(6次)。其次,分析了中央政府机构大部制改革的宪法内涵,指出我国的行政体制改革主要由政府力主推行,大部制的改革作为一种宪法运动,体现了我国行政体制改革的惯例,即中央先行,而后推及地方的形式。因而大部制蕴含的宪法机理包括了两层含义:其一是国家行政权力体制的革新与重组;其二是中央行政权与地方行政权的划分与配置。再次,论述了现代政府机构设置的宪法原则,内容包括了:机构精简原则;服务型政府原则和职能清晰统一原则;最后,论述了中央政府机构大部制改革与宪法的共进。分析了大部制将相近行政部门的机构和职能相整合,是一种行政权的内部配置,将宪法的机制引入行政内部化运行。由于行政已经掌握了相当的立法权和司法性权力,因而行政内部的权力必须进行合理的配置,形成行政内部的权力制约机制。只有综合各项宪法要素,发挥宪法主体的积极参与才能实现大部制改革与宪法的互动。通过宪法确立权力的规范秩序,制约国家权力的运行方向,实现国家基本权力的秩序,达到权力保障权利的终极目标。第四部分论述了国外大部制经验总结及对我国中央政府机构改革的启示。首先对国外大部制进行经验总结:完善的市场经济和较为成熟的第三部门,为转移政府职能提供了良好的条件;建立有效的部门间协调机制;部门下设独立机构;理顺中央与地方政府的权力关系和及时解决大部制改革带来的新挑战。接着重点从立法、制度和实践层面分析了国外大部制改革对我国深化中央政府机构改革的启示,即依宪依法,整合重组;立足国情、职能转变;为民服务、勤政廉政;统筹设计、监督执行;沟通协调、顺畅机制。
[Abstract]:In today's world in the process of the development of the constitution, the administrative power is more and more big. The constitution is to protect the rights of citizens and restraint of public power guarantee. Put forward the concept of service-oriented government, in accordance with the requirements of the development of constitutional reform. The content of constitutional development is inevitable, because most of the reform, is constantly advancing the integration of government functions and institutions, improve the efficiency of government affairs, to achieve the purpose of serving the people. Most of the system there are some successful cases in the practice of western developed countries, some of the country's big department system reform based on its own national conditions, form characteristic, meet the needs of the domestic economy and the development of constitutionalism. Streamline the organization, rationalize the functions of avoiding responsibilities cross and each department acting on its own problems, improve administrative efficiency, the rule of law government and service government concept characteristics is the common point of large department reform. This paper discusses China's central The government agencies of giantdepartment reform, its essence is a constitutional order and the construction of sports, is to the operation and development of constitutionalism. Therefore, the reform of the central institutions of our country big department system must comply with the constitutional requirements, on the basis of market economy, with the construction of service-oriented government, the idea of building a harmonious society. This paper is divided four parts:
The first part expounds the basic connotation of the general structure and characteristics. On the connotation of the system, given the meaning of domestic scholars is varied. The author from the clear and coordination service point of view, the central "big system" the connotation is that the central government departments at all levels to increase the range of horizontal the cover set on the body by a department to use similar similar functions, the Department is mainly for the development of national strategy, macro management functions, its outstanding characteristic is "functions, responsibilities clear, wide institutions less. Structural characteristics of large department system mainly expounds the coordination department to: the main function and policy; with similar functional departments; the supervision of Ministry of organization, is also a problem; most of the structure will produce more in the internal level departments and levels. Then from the angle of necessity, elaborated the big department system It is an important mode of the reform of the central government institutions, that is to meet the requirements of the constitutionalism, conform to the market economy and conform to the democratic politics.
The second part analyzes the main developed countries in the world (the United States, Britain, Japan) the reform of the government sector system. The three countries most of the reform are based on the following constitutional, around the concept of service-oriented government. The United States launched the big ministry reform mainly introduces the structure of the Federal government; for typical characteristics and analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce and the big department system: "big system" worthy of the name; a clear division of responsibilities clear; government management times; independent agency assisted with large department. The British government department system analyzes the background and the decision-making process of the British reform goals and plans of government restructuring; the implementation process and results of the government; reorganization; analysis and evaluation on the reform of the British scholars mainly focus on the analysis of the Japanese government. The big department system reform: setup and functions of cabinet after the reform of the Department of Japan; the Japanese government and the motive of the reform The goal and characteristics of the reform of the Japanese government. The second part of the article has made a paving for the third and fourth parts of the future.
The third part is the key and difficulty, mainly from the perspective of the constitution analysis of the reform of central government institutions. First, describes an overview of the development of the central government agencies, including the establishment of the new Chinese to the reform and opening up the central government institutional reform course (3 times) and after the reform and opening up the central government reform process (6). Secondly, analysis of the central government agencies of large department reform constitution connotation, pointed out that China's reform of the administrative system mainly by the government for implementation of reform as a constitutional movement, reflecting China's administrative system reform practice, namely the central first, then apply the local form. Thus the constitution of mechanism the system contains includes two meanings: one is the reform and reorganization of state administrative power system; the second is the central administrative power division and allocation and local administrative rights. Thirdly, discusses the setting of modern government The principle of the constitution, including: the organization simplification principle; service-oriented government functions clear principles and unified principle; finally, discusses together big department system reform and the constitution of central government institutions. Analysis of the big department system will close administrative departments of the institutions and functions of integration, is a kind of administrative power in the internal configuration, will the constitution of the administrative mechanism into the internal operation. Because the administration has acquired considerable legislative power and judicial power, the administrative power of the internal needs reasonable configuration, the formation of internal administrative power restriction mechanism. Only the constitutional elements, play constitutional body's active participation can realize interactive system reform and the constitution. Establish the order specification of power by the constitution, the operation direction of restricting state power, national basic power in order to reach the ultimate goal of safeguarding the rights of power.
The fourth part discusses the foreign ministry experience and Its Enlightenment to China's central government institution reform. Firstly, foreign ministry experience: the perfect market economy and mature of the third sector, has provided good conditions for the transfer of government functions; to establish an effective coordination mechanism between departments; independent institutions under the; straighten out the relationship between central and local government powers and timely solve the new challenges of large department reform. Then from the point of legislation, system and practice of foreign big department system reform in the deepening of the reform of central government agencies of the enlightenment, according to the Constitution in accordance with the law, integration and restructuring; based on the national conditions, changing the functions of the people; service, diligent and honest; overall design, supervision and execution; communication and coordination, smooth mechanism.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D630;D921

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