海峡两岸农地征收制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 20:38

本文选题：大陆地区　切入点：台湾地区　出处：《武汉大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在近现代以来的城市扩张中,土地作为农民赖以生存的资源,正在发生类型转换；农地征用是一个国家在城镇化过程中不得不正视和面对的一个问题。一方面,土地征收制度中公共利益的内涵、界限和标准必须通过法律的明确规定予以限定,另一方面,任何基于公共利益对土地的征收制度的建构势必牵涉到公法上的正当法律程序、征地范围、补偿标准、征地管理等一系列的法律问题。本文认为中国农地征收问题的核心是农民土地权益的保障问题,随着城镇化的逐步推进,现阶段及今后相当长的一段时间内,中国农民土地权益保障的焦点问题就在于农地征收。农地征收是一个牵一法而动全身的制度,它不仅涉及我国宪法上的征收条款,即国家为了公共利益的需要,可以依照法律规定对公民的私有财产实行征收或者征用并给予补偿,也涉及到行政法上的诸如行政程序、行政征收补偿等一系列的法律制度。中国大陆和台湾地区均深受大陆法系的传统影响,海峡两岸在农民土地权益保障上有许多值得彼此借鉴、互通有无之处；比较两岸的农地征收制度应当成为研究农民土地权益保障问题一个有益的尝试和选择。本文通过考察我国台湾地区的土地征收制度,审视和剖析大陆地区的土地征收制度；对两岸土地征收的目的、类型、征收补偿的范围以及土地征收的程序进行阐述和分析,以期借鉴台湾地区土地征收制度,不断完善大陆地区现行的土地征收制度。本文共分为六个章节：第一章以法史学的角度,由苏维埃土地制度和日据时代的台湾土地制度为起点,考察了两岸农地征收制度的源起及发展,着重分析了建国后大陆地区实行的土地改革及国民党政权迁台后的土地改革对两岸农村土地制度的变革与塑造,梳理了大陆地区及台湾地区农村土地制度的发展脉络。揭示了两岸土地制度演进路径的背后不同法律体系的发展和经济模式建构的区别。第二章探讨征收的基本理论问题,寻求农地征收的正当性基础。农地征收中存在的矛盾本质上是作为征收一方政府所代表的公共利益和作为被征收一方农民的个人利益的较量。本章认为：基于公共利益,农地征收可以在四个基础理论上得以正当化,分别为：社会契约理论,即人民和国家基于公共利益的再次立约；主权权力理论,即国家可以基于主权权力对其统治范围内的财产予以支配用以公共目的；公共产品理论,即农地征收是公共产品生产所内在要求的；特别牺牲理论,即财产权负担一定的社会义务,国家得基于此负担义务而对私人财产予以征收。第三章从功能角度对台湾地区农地征收的法律制度进行了剖析。本章的主要目的在于系统地对台湾地区农地征收法律制度按征收情形、征收依据、征收补偿、征收救济的部门,做类型化的整理。并总结其行政主导、协议前置、现值基准补偿及征收异议及复议等特征,为大陆地区的农村集体所有制土地上的农地征收立法提供借鉴和参考。第四章主要研究中国大陆地区农地征收制度体系,解析在土地公有制做为基本土地制度的前提下,规范行政机关将农民集体所有土地征为国有的权力,以及该项权力行使的程序与其应当承担的补偿义务。并在此基础上,阐述农地征收制度在其内在结构上的法律依据、农地征收的补偿制度、征收的程序、农地征收的救济途径等诸要素及其有机联系。第五章在前文论证和探讨的基础上,对两岸农地征收制度开展比较,比较的重点在于两岸农地征收的补偿制度、两岸农地征收补偿标准、两岸农地征收之程序及两岸农地征收撤销方式,纵观两岸在农地征收上的存在问题,本文认为,农地征收的程序亟需走向规范化,农地征收问题并非简单的为满足“公共利益”对于被征地农民“特别牺牲”的填补,在更为广域的视角下,应当主要关注被征地农民的生存权保障问题。第六章论述对中国大陆农地征收制度改进的构想,本文认为,在农村土地转换为城市土地过程中的核心问题,是妥善解决土地有关权利的让渡。政府要顺利实现征收土地的基本目的,就必须解决公共利益和个人利益的冲突,因此,应当改进土地的国家所有权、集体所有权、农民承包权之间的权利分配,进而在让权于民与限权政府的过程中,形成行政权力与农民土地权利的相互制衡。未来我国的土地征收制度应在合理界定土地产权、建立有效的土地权利让渡程序保障机制、并在有效保护农民的合法土地权益基础之上,确保国家经济的快速发展。最后,基于中国农地征收制度的历史沿革、发展历程,结合当下中国农民、农业、农村问题的现实状况,本文认为无论是现行的《土地管理法》还是《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》都不能满足我国当下对于集体所有土地征收的现实需求,在现有法律、法规的基础上,我国应该适时制定一部以保护农地权为目的的《中华人民共和国农村集体土地征收法》。
[Abstract]:In the modern city expansion, the land as farmers survival resources, is undergoing conversion; land expropriation is a country of a problem and have to face in the process of facing the town. On the one hand, the connotation of public interests in the land expropriation system, limits and standards must be limited by law the other hand, based on the construction of any public interests in land expropriation system will involve the due process of law, the law on the scope of land expropriation, compensation standards, a series of legal problems of land management. This paper argues that the core of Chinese land expropriation is the problem of protecting farmers' land rights, with the gradual progress of urbanization at this stage, and for quite a long period of time, the focus of protection Chinese farmers' land rights lies in land expropriation. Land expropriation is a distraction and a method The whole body system, it involves not only the expropriation clause in our constitution, the state in the public interest, can be imposed on the private property of citizens or expropriation and compensation in accordance with the law, is also related to the administrative law such as administrative procedure, administrative expropriation compensation and a series of legal system.
The effect of traditional China in mainland and Taiwan were well received by the continental law system, there are many worthy of learn from each other on both sides of the Straits, in the mutual exchange of needed products guaranteeing farmers' land rights; comparison of cross-strait agricultural land expropriation system should be the research on the farmers' land rights guarantee a beneficial attempt and choice. According to the investigation of Taiwan area of our country land expropriation system review and analysis of mainland land expropriation system; land expropriation of cross-strait purpose, type, scope and procedures of compensation for expropriation of land expropriation are described and analyzed, with reference to Taiwan area of land acquisition system, and constantly improve the existing land expropriation system in mainland China.
This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter from the perspective of history, the Soviet land system and land system, according to the Taiwan times as the starting point, it investigates the origin and development of rural land expropriation system on both sides, focuses on the analysis of the implementation of the mainland after the founding of the land reform and the Kuomintang government moved to Taiwan after the land reform of rural land system reform and building of both sides. The development of rural land system combing the mainland and Taiwan. Reveals the difference between the development and construction of economic pattern behind the different system of legal system of land on both sides of the path of evolution.
The second chapter discusses the basic theoretical problems of expropriation, seeking legitimacy of land expropriation. The contradiction essence exists in the rural land expropriation is a government imposed as a public interest represented by a party and as expropriated farmers personal interests of the contest. This chapter thinks: Based on public interest, land expropriation can be justified. On the four theoretical basis respectively: the social contract theory, the people and the country based on public interest again made; sovereign power theory, namely the state can be based on the sovereign power to its rule within the scope of the property shall be governed by public purpose; the theory of public goods, namely land expropriation is the inherent requirement of the production of public goods; the special sacrifice theory, namely property right burden of certain social obligations, the national obligations based on private property shall be levied.
The third chapter analyzes the legal system of land expropriation in Taiwan area from the angle of function. The main purpose of this chapter is to systematically to the Taiwan area of land expropriation legal system according to the collection, collection basis, compensation for expropriation, expropriation relief departments, do the type of consolidation. And summarize the administrative leading, pre agreement, reference value compensation and expropriation objection and reconsideration characteristics, and provide the reference for the mainland area of rural collective land on the land expropriation legislation.
The fourth chapter mainly studies the rural land expropriation system, China area system, analytic premise for the basic land system under the public ownership of land system, standardize the administrative organs of the peasant collective owned land for the state-owned power, and the exercise of power and procedures shall bear the compensation obligation. And on this basis, expounds the legal basis of land expropriation the system in its internal structure, the compensation system of land expropriation, expropriation procedures, elements of land expropriation and remedy of organic connection.
The fifth chapter based on the previous argument and Discussion on the comparison of the land expropriation system of cross-strait development, focuses on the comparison of the compensation system of land expropriation compensation standard on both sides, both sides of land expropriation and land expropriation procedures, both sides on both sides of land expropriation revocation, existing problems in land expropriation on both sides throughout the land expropriation. The program needs to standardize the land expropriation is not a simple problem to meet the "public interest" to fill the land expropriated peasants "special sacrifice", in a more wide perspective, should focus mainly on living security issues of the right of landless farmers.
The sixth chapter discusses the conception, China, improvement of agricultural land expropriation system in the rural land conversion is the core problem in the process of city land, is delivered to properly resolve the land related rights. The government in order to achieve the basic purpose of land expropriation, it is necessary to solve the conflict between public interests and personal interests, therefore, should the state ownership and improve the collective ownership of land rights, distribution between the farmers' right to contract, and in the process of the people and to limit the power of the government, the formation of checks and balances of administrative power and land rights of farmers. To China's land expropriation system should be in reasonable definition of land property rights, the establishment of effective land rights transfer procedure safeguard mechanism and, on the basis of the effective protection of legal rights of farmers, to ensure the rapid development of the national economy.
Finally, the development history of the land expropriation system based on China, combined with the current situation of China farmers, agriculture, rural issues, this paper argues that the current "land management law" or "state-owned land on the housing levy and Compensation Ordinance can not meet the practical needs for collective land expropriation. In the existing legal regulations, on the basis of our country should make a right to protect the land for the purpose of the law." People's Republic of China rural collective land expropriation

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D927;D922.3

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