意志自由视野下慈善机构主体地位比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-15 17:52

本文选题：慈善组织 + 所有权　；参考：《天津商业大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国现代慈善事业有着自己独特的发展路径，经历了从有到无、从无再到有的反差式变迁。如果将1981年中国少年儿童基金会的成立看作为我国慈善事业复兴的伊始，那么至今也已跨越了三十个年头。通过二十世纪末期最后二十年的酝酿，在步入二十一世纪以后，中国慈善事业的发展可谓是迈入了高速运行黄金阶段。然而，发展迅速却并不意味着其成长的成熟，自2011年“郭美美事件”以来，中国的慈善机构遭遇了有史以来最大的公众信任危机，诸多的口诛笔伐也源源不断的随之而来。改革开放三十年以来，我国的政治体制改革和经济体制改革都取得了较大发展，但是对于慈善机构的体制改革却一直相当滞后甚至是停止不前，哪怕是我国慈善事业发展伊始时期受到政府机构大力支持的公募基金组织，在当今时代之下大有日落西山之势，民众对我国慈善事业的支持力度也大不如前，这不能不令我们感到惋惜。因此，话到此处，对于我国慈善机构监管的立法改革也己经到了刻不容缓的地步。与此相伴的，对于中国慈善事业今后应该如何继续向前发展的争议与分歧也日渐凸显。本文从民法体系中的法人模式出发，针对目前我国民法通则所规定的法人分类，探讨能够最大限度的保障捐赠者意志自由同时最大限度限制善款管理者意志自由的慈善组织模式。通过对善款的募集、运作、管理的过程分析善款所有权一步步从捐赠人手中转移，经过慈善机构这个管理中介，从而到达受捐赠者手里，而在这整个过程中慈善机构由始自终都无法获得财产的自由。简而言之，本文作者意图通过对意志自由与所有权理论的阐释，来构建未来我国民法典的法人制度模式，从而最终获得关于我国慈善组织应有的法律地位的结论。本文除了导论与结语外主要分为四个部分，具体主要内容与初步结论如下：第一部分，是对黑格尔的意志自由与所有权关系理论给以初步介绍。黑格尔的法哲学观点认为，人们对财产的所有权实现的过程，即是意志自由实现的过程。解决慈善组织善款的合理使用问题是本文最初的出发点，要研究善款的合理运作就必须了解所有权理论，理清善款所有权的归属者，而这就涉及到意志自由最根本的表达方式问题。接着针对现实事件的具体分析，发现我国目前的慈善法律体系的不完善问题。第二部分，通过分别对不同组织模式（社团法人模式、财团法人模式、慈善信托模式）下的所有权关系进行比较研究，发现对善款的募集、运作、管理的过程分析善款所有权一步步从捐赠人手中转移，经过慈善机构这个管理中介，从而到达受捐赠者手里，而在这整个过程中慈善机构由始自终都无法获得财产的自由，从而分析得出最适合善款所有权保障的最佳存在方式即是财团法人模式。第三部分，，通过分别对三种组织模式下，慈善组织与捐赠者的意志自由进行比较研究，分析能够最大限度保障善款捐赠者意志自由的慈善组织模式。如何最大限度的保障捐赠者的意志自由，对慈善机构的自由加以限制，一个必要的法律前提就在于法人模式的构建。正因如此，本文从民法体系中的法人模式出发，针对目前我国民法通则所规定的法人分类，探讨能够最大限度的保障捐赠者意志自由同时最大限度限制善款管理者意志自由的慈善组织模式。第四部分，通过上述分析得知，财团法人模式才是意志自由视野下我国慈善机构的最佳组织模式选择。通过对现行立法关于慈善组织主体地位规定的梳理，以及分析现有法律制度下我国慈善组织的实践结果，发现我国现有的法律机制的不足之处，总体概括介绍我国慈善组织主体地位的现状。因此，建议完善我国现有的立法制度，引进财团法人制度，并制定具体的保障慈善组织主体地位的法律规定。笔者借由此文，希望通过对慈善机构法律地位的分析善款所有权最大限度保障捐赠者的意志自由，从而建立起自己的法哲学视野。
[Abstract]:China modern philanthropy has its own unique development path, experienced from there to, from and to some type of change. If the contrast will be set up in 1981 Chinese children's foundation as the beginning of China's charity revival, so it has been over thirty years. By the end of the twentieth Century head of the last twenty years brewing, in twenty-first Century after the development is Chinese charity is running into the high stage of gold. However, it does not mean that the rapid development of the growing mature, since 2011, the "Jocie Guo incident", the charity China suffered the greatest public trust crisis in history, many also criticized the Everfount follow. Since thirty years of reform and opening up, China's political system reform and the reform of the economic system has made great development, but for the charity of the body The reform has been quite slow or even stop, even if it is the organization of charity development in China at the beginning of period by government agencies to support the public fund, in today's era under the great potential of the The sun sinks in the west. support for the people, the charity in China is not as good as before, it can not make us feel sorry therefore, the words here, for the legislative reform of our country charity supervision has already reached a critical point. Along with this, the Chinese charity should disputes and differences in how to continue to develop increasingly prominent.
Starting from the legal mode of civil law system, the legal person in our country at present the general principles of the civil law provisions of the classification, the discussion can maximize the protection of the freedom of the will and the maximum limit of the donor money managers charity organization mode of free will. The money raised in the process of management, operation, analysis for ownership of a step by step from the donor the transfer of the hands, after the charity management intermediary, in order to reach by their hands, and in this whole process of charity from the beginning to the end are unable to obtain property freedom. In short, the author intends to free will and ownership theory, to construct the legal system of China's civil code pattern in the future, so as to obtain on the legal status of charity organizations in China should be the conclusion. In addition to the introduction and conclusion is divided into four parts, including The contents and preliminary conclusions are as follows:
The first part is the relationship between free will and ownership theory of Hagel give a preliminary introduction. By Hagel's ideas that people realize the rights of property, is a process of free will achieve. The rational use of problem solving is the charity donation the original starting point, to study the reasonable operation of money must understand the theory of ownership, ownership of funds clear ownership, which involves the expression of the most fundamental problems of free will. Then a concrete analysis for the reality of the event, found that the problem is not perfect the charitable legal system in our country.
The second part, through to different organization models (corporate model, corporate model, charitable trust model) were studied under the ownership of raising money, operation, analysis and management process of donations from donors transferred ownership of a step by step, through this charity management intermediary, in order to reach the donor hands. In this whole process of charity from the beginning to the end are unable to obtain property freely, so as to analyze the most suitable is the best way to protect the ownership of funds is incorporated.
The third part, through each of the three models, a comparative study of charitable organizations and the donor's free will, the analysis can maximize the protection of donor money free will charity mode. How to maximize the protection of the freedom of the will of the donor, the charity's freedom to limit, build a necessary legal premise is the corporate model. Because of this, this article from the legal mode of civil law system, the legal person in our country at present the general principles of the civil law provisions of the classification, the discussion can maximize the protection of the freedom of the will and the maximum limit of the donor money managers charity organization mode of free will.
The fourth part, through the above analysis showed that corporate mode is the best choice for charity organization in China from the perspective of freedom. Based on the current legislative provisions on the charity organization combing the status of the subject, the practice of charity organizations in China and the analysis of the existing legal system, found the shortcomings of existing legal system in China overall, general introduces the status quo of charity organization in our country the main position. Therefore, suggestions to improve our existing legislation system, the introduction of legal system, legal provisions and formulate specific protection of charitable organizations subject position. The author use the paper, hope that through the legal status of charity donation of ownership to maximize the protection of the donor's will freedom, in order to establish the law philosophy of their own.

【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.182.3

【参考文献】