论美国土地使用管理中的CBAs及对中国的启示

发布时间：2018-04-25 05:30

本文选题：社区收益协议 + 土地开发　；参考：《湘潭大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：社区收益协议（CBAs）在美国出现于20世纪90年代末期和21世纪初早期，其主要内容是私人开发商对所要开发的区域的居民和利益相关者做出书面的承诺，作为对所要开发地区的居民的诉求的一种应对。CBAs是在土地开发利用中提高社区参与程度的方式，在美国应用范围广泛，在土地使用管理中发挥着积极的作用。在CBAs中，开发商和非盈利性社区团体或地方政府之间达成协议，给社区提供资金补贴、地方雇佣、低收入房屋，修建幼儿、青少年和妇女健康中心，修建道路、娱乐设施等城市基础设施。与之相应的，社区对开发工程表示支持，达到共赢的局面。而将这些承诺用书面合同规定下来，更是让各方的利益得到保障。CBAs涉及到的当事人有受影响的社区及社区团体、开发商和政府机构及政府官员，根据协议的签订方，可将CBAs主要分为两类，一类是社区团体和开发商之间签订的个人CBAs；一类是政府机构和开发商之间的公共CBAs。在执行上，分为社区团体执行和地方政府执行。在CBAs的签订和执行中，产生了一些问题，比如社区团体是否能真正代表社区签订CBAs，以及签订之后效力如何，CBAs是否阻碍地区，，以及监管会出现的问题。我国在土地使用管理的实践中，也存在着CBAs的运用，例如在旅游开发和高速公路修建中的股份分红、工业园区修建中的直接参与经营和失地农民的“土地银行”。这些探索在土地使用管理中起着积极的作用，但是并未形成相应的机制，运用不够充分。借鉴美国的经验，结合中国国情，中国土地利用中公众参与的实践中可以将CBAs运用到邻避设施和周边物业增益项目的建设中。在中国土地利用中公众参与的未来立法中，在制度上将公众参与作为土地利用的必要程序确定下来；放宽利益相关人的介入资格；让公众参与途径多样化。这有助于缓和中国土地利用中开发商、居民和政府之间的矛盾，促进中国土地利用中的公众参与的发展。
[Abstract]:Community benefit agreements (CBAss) emerged in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s, where private developers made written commitments to residents and stakeholders in the areas they wanted to develop. As a way to improve community participation in land development and utilization, CBAs is widely used in the United States and plays an active role in land use management. In the CBAs, developers and non-profit community groups or local governments agree on funding subsidies for communities, local employment, low-income housing, child, adolescent and women's health centers, roads. Recreational facilities and other urban infrastructure. In response, the community expressed support for the development project to achieve a win-win situation. If these commitments are stipulated in a written contract, the interests of all parties concerned will be safeguarded. CBAs involve affected communities and community groups, developers and government agencies and government officials, and the signatories of the agreement. CBAs can be divided into two main categories, one is the individual CBAs signed between community groups and developers, and the other is the public CBAs between government agencies and developers. In execution, it is divided into community group execution and local government execution. In the signing and implementation of the CBAs, some questions have arisen, such as whether community groups can really sign CBAs on behalf of the community, how effective they will be after the signing, whether the CBAs will hinder the region, and the problems that will arise in the regulation. In the practice of land use management in our country, there is also the application of CBAs, such as share dividends in tourism development and highway construction, direct participation in management of industrial park construction and "land bank" for landless farmers. These explorations play an active role in land use management, but they do not form a corresponding mechanism and are not fully used. Based on the experience of the United States and the situation of China, CBAs can be applied to the construction of adjacent facilities and adjacent property gain projects in the practice of public participation in land use in China. In the future legislation of public participation in land use in China, it is determined that public participation is the necessary procedure of land use in the system; the participation qualification of stakeholders is relaxed; the ways of public participation are diversified. This helps to ease the conflict between developers, residents and the government in land use, and promote the development of public participation in land use in China.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D971.2;D922.3

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