《环境保护法》中政府环境责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-25 22:12

本文选题：政府 + 环境责任　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：当前环境事故频发,生态环境问题日益严重,折射出现行环境立法中存在的诸多问题。其中,政府环境责任不完善是最根本的原因。环境保护是政府义不容辞的责任,只有以政府为主导,加强环境立法,明确政府环境责任,才能从根本上解决当前严峻的环境问题。本文除了引言和结论,分为五个部分。第一部分“政府环境责任一般概述”,本部分首先界定基本概念,阐述了环境责任、政府环境责任以及政府环境责任的种类和表现形式,其中政府环境责任的具体表现形式又分为第一性责任和第二性责任。然后介绍政府承担环境责任的理论依据,主要从公共物品理论、环境权理论、环境公共委托理论三个方面进行阐述。接下来论述完善我国政府环境责任的紧迫性,以实证数据指出当前生态环境问题日益严重,我国政府环境责任缺失,以及政府环境责任缺失导致了环境领域的“政府失灵”,指出完善我国政府环境责任的重要意义。第二部分“《环境保护法》中政府环境责任的规定及其缺陷”,本部分首先分析了《环境保护法》中相关政府环境责任的立法规定,接着分析在《环境保护法》中政府环境责任的缺失,问题主要表现在政府决策机制、环保行政管理体制、政府环境问责制度存在不足和缺失。政府决策机制不足表现为环境与发展综合机制的缺失和政府决策中公众参与的不足。环保行政管理体制设置不合理表现在监督管理不统一,管理机构职能重叠,环保部门财政不独立和政绩考核内容不合理这四个方面。政府环境问责制的不足主要表现在问责主体不清,问责对象和问责内容模糊三个方面,其中问责主体不清存在同体问责随意和异体问责缺位的问题。第三部分“国外立法中政府环境责任的规定及其经验总结”,本部分主要对西方环境立法典型性国家美国、日本、俄罗斯三国政府环境责任做了详细的介绍,总结出以上三国政府环境责任的立法经验在于,环境法中调整政府行为的法律条款相对比较多,政府行为的规定主要是一些义务性条款,同时制定了规范政府行为的相关制度。第四部分“完善《环境保护法》中政府环境责任的建议”。本部分是全文的重点,针对文章第二部分中相关制度的缺陷与不足,提出了完善政府环境责任的建议。在完善政府决策机制部分,对于完善环境与发展综合决策机制,主要从明确经济部门的环境责任和细化法律责任条款入手。在完善政府决策中公众参与制度方面,提出在《环境保护法》中明确规定公民的环境权,完善环境决策参与权,完善环境管理信息公开制度,在《环境保护法》中,增加公益诉讼条款等建议。在完善环保行政管理体制方面,提出成立统一的环境资源管理部门,科学划定各部门职能,细化职权范围,建立独立的财政体系,完善政绩考核体系等建议。在完善政府环境责任问责制度部分,提出了明确政府环境问责的主体、对象和内容。在明确问责主体方面,着重论述了明确行政机关问责、立法机关问责、司法机关问责和社会公众问责。
[Abstract]:The current environmental accident frequency and ecological environment problem are increasingly serious , and many problems exist in the current environmental legislation . Among them , the imperfection of government environmental responsibility is the most fundamental reason . Environmental protection is the responsibility of the government . Only by taking the government as the leading factor , strengthening the environmental legislation , and defining the responsibility of the government environment can solve the present severe environmental problem fundamentally .

In addition to preface and conclusion , this paper is divided into five parts .

The first part " General Outline of Government Environmental Responsibility " , this part firstly defines the basic concept , expounds the types and manifestations of environmental responsibility , government environmental responsibility and government environmental responsibility , and then discusses the urgency of the government ' s environmental responsibility , and points out that the current ecological environment problem is becoming more and more serious , the lack of government environmental responsibility and the lack of government environmental responsibility leads to " government failure " in the environmental field , and points out the importance of improving the government environmental responsibility .

The second part analyzes the legislative provisions of environmental responsibility in environmental protection law and analyzes the lack of government environmental responsibility in environmental protection law , and analyzes the lack of public participation in government decision - making mechanism , environmental protection administration management system and government environmental accountability .

In the third part , " the stipulation of governmental environmental responsibility in foreign legislation and its experience summary " , this part mainly introduces the environmental responsibility of the three governments in the typical countries such as the United States , Japan and Russia , and summarizes the legislative experience of the environmental responsibility of the above three governments .

The fourth part is to improve the government ' s environmental responsibility in environmental protection law . This part is the focus of the whole text , aiming at the defects and shortcomings of the related system in the second part of the article , and puts forward some suggestions to improve the government environmental responsibility .

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.68

【参考文献】