我国水污染突发事件的应急法律制度探讨

发布时间：2018-05-21 02:40

本文选题：水污染 + 水污染突发事件　；参考：《重庆大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,水污染突发事件频频发生,自然环境、生存安全形势不容乐观,一些突发环境事件动辄威胁几十万人,甚至上百万人的饮用水安全。社会稳定性和突发环境事件呈现日益紧密的趋势,环境安全隐患和突发环境事件呈现出高度复合化、高度叠加化和高度非常规化的趋势。因此,从民众饮水安全、国家稳定发展的双重需求看,如何完善行之有效的水污染突发事件应急法律制度以缓解其引发的社会阵痛显得尤为重要。本文首先明确了“突发性污染事件”和“水污染突发事件”的概念,结合水污染突发事件的特征,深入探讨水污染突发事件应急法律制度。本文从兰州自来水污染事件入手,具体分析我国当前水污染突发应急法律制度现状及困境。发现我国水污染突发应急法律制度在立法、保障、监督、维权四个层面上存在诸多不足。我国水污染突发事件应急法律制度立法不完备,法律体系松散,上位法缺乏约束,下位法缺乏条理;缺失跨流域协调管理制度,降低了应急工作的管理效率,流域管理分段化,治理效率低下,整体生态恢复缓慢;水污染应急保障薄弱,国家要为水污染应急提供强有力的保障,投入大量人力、物力和财力;水污染突发事件的应急监督制度缺失,仅仅依靠市场干预和政府管理无法从根本上解决水污染问题,需要公众的积极参与,信息公开难以及时、透明;水污染突发事件的应急维权制度缺失,受害人获取法律救济难、组织集体行动难、获得赔偿难。随后本文分析美国、日本、英国水污染突发事件应急法律制度的基本现状,总结出以下宝贵的经验启示:第一,重视水污染预防机制。第二,完善跨流域协调机制。第三,大力研发污水处理技术。第四,加大水资源使用者的道德建设。第五,加强国际合作。最后,本文通过学习国外先进经验,结合我国现实国情和环境现状,不断完善和发展我国水污染突发应急法律制度。第一,健全合理的法律体系并增强其可操作性;第二,强化应急执法机构间的协调管理能力;第三,建立全面的应急保障制度;第四,完善我国突发水污染应急的监督制度;第五,完善我国突发水污染应急的维权制度。不断增强我国水污染突发应急法律制度的规范化、操作性。
[Abstract]:In recent years, water pollution emergencies occur frequently, the natural environment, survival and safety situation is not optimistic, some unexpected environmental events often threaten hundreds of thousands of people, even millions of people drinking water safety. The trend of social stability and unexpected environmental events is becoming more and more close, and the hidden dangers of environmental safety and unexpected environmental events are highly complex, highly superimposed and highly unconventional. Therefore, from the dual needs of drinking water security and stable development of the country, it is particularly important to improve the effective legal system of water pollution emergency to alleviate the social pain caused by it. In this paper, the concepts of "sudden pollution event" and "water pollution emergency" are defined firstly, and the legal system of water pollution emergency is discussed in depth according to the characteristics of water pollution emergency. Starting with the incident of water pollution in Lanzhou, this paper analyzes the current situation and predicament of the legal system of water pollution emergency in China. It is found that there are many deficiencies in the legal system of water pollution emergency at four levels: legislation, protection, supervision and protection of rights. The law system of water pollution emergency in our country is not perfect, the legal system is loose, the upper law is lack of restraint, the lower law is lack of organization, the lack of the coordination management system across the river basin reduces the management efficiency of the emergency work, and the watershed management is segmented. Treatment efficiency is low, overall ecological recovery is slow, water pollution emergency protection is weak, the state should provide strong protection for water pollution emergency, invest a lot of human, material and financial resources, and the emergency supervision system for water pollution emergencies is missing. Only relying on market intervention and government management can not fundamentally solve the water pollution problem, which requires the active participation of the public, the disclosure of information is difficult to be timely and transparent, the emergency protection system for water pollution emergencies is missing, and it is difficult for the victims to obtain legal remedies. It is difficult to organize collective action and to obtain compensation. Then this paper analyzes the basic status of the emergency legal system of water pollution emergencies in the United States, Japan and Britain, and summarizes the following valuable experience and inspiration: first, pay attention to the water pollution prevention mechanism. Second, perfect the coordination mechanism of cross-basin. Third, vigorously research and development of sewage treatment technology. Fourth, increase the moral construction of water resources users. Fifth, strengthen international cooperation. Finally, by studying the advanced experience of foreign countries, combining with the actual situation of our country and the present situation of the environment, this paper improves and develops the legal system of water pollution emergency in our country constantly. First, perfect the reasonable legal system and enhance its maneuverability; second, strengthen the coordination and management ability among the emergency law enforcement agencies; third, establish a comprehensive emergency protection system; fourth, perfect the supervision system of the sudden water pollution emergency in our country; Fifth, perfect our country's protection system of water pollution emergency. We will continue to strengthen the standardization and operation of the legal system for water pollution emergencies.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D922.1

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