论我国公民环境权法律保护

发布时间：2018-05-22 10:11

本文选题：公民环境权 + 国外制度比较分析　；参考：《扬州大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：雾霾的笼罩、黄浦江由“东方之珠”变为“东方之猪”、中石化黄潍输油管原油泄露造成的重大人员伤亡事故……一次又一次的环境污染事件向我们敲响了警钟,环境问题亟待通过立法的方式加以规范和调整,公民环境权在一次次的环境污染中受到严重侵害,必须获得行之有效的法律保护。本文试图从三个方面来展开对我国公民环境权法律保护的论述：第一个方面,对我们国家现有的关于公民环境权法律保护存在的问题分析。作为一项权利,是由主体、客体、内容这几个方面构成的。公民环境权本身而言由于在我国并没有在立法上明确规定,所以在立法结构上存在诸多缺陷,理论界对公民环境权的主体、客体、内容以及环境权的相对义务人尚存在较大的争议；在制度层面,虽然我们国家的某些部门法都多多少少地对环境保护有所涉及,但都只是具体某一方面的救济,并不能形成一个完整有效的环境保护法律体系。第二个方面,通过比较研究其他国家关于环境权保护的有关规定获取我们国家可以借鉴的先进经验。美国和日本是通过国家宪法和基本法双重的层面来保护公民的环境权,法国是通过直接在宪法中明确规定公民的环境权,以瑞典为代表的某些国家则将公民环境权包含在宪法的其他权利中。第三个方面,最后一部分从立法和制度两个层面来谈我们国家对于公民环境权法律保护的制定和完善。首先从立法上,我们国家可以采用宪法和基本法双从保护的这种方式。环境权入宪是一种大势所趋,并且在我们国家只有将公民的环境权确立宪法地位,才能获得最根本的保护。环境基本法作为具体落实宪法中关于环境权的一部系统性的法律,可以对公民环境权的法律保护作出详细并且具有可操作性的法律规定。对我们国家目前存在的公民环境权主体不明确、客体范围过于狭小、内容不确定等一些列的问题进行有效地回答。我们国家对公民环境权法律保护制度层面的建设可以建立直接和间接这两种救济模式,有利于全面地对公民环境利益加以维护。在具体制度设计上,将公民、环保组织、环保部门、检察机关都列入提起环境公益诉讼的原告范围之内；环境公益诉讼应当在原被告之间进行合理的举证责任分配；为了提高公民提起环境公益诉讼的积极性,试图从调整律师及诉讼费用支付、原告胜诉奖励这两个方面着手；同时也要考虑到某些单纯为了获得公益诉讼奖励而作出可能妨碍司法的行为,设计了原告提交诉讼保证金的方式而对某些潜在的行为进行抑制；环境公益诉讼由于具有公益性,这种公益性权利具有不可处分的特点,所以不可以适用与民事诉讼中的调解制度。
[Abstract]:Haze shrouded the Huangpu River from "Pearl of the Orient" to "Pig of the Orient", which resulted in heavy casualties caused by the oil spill from Sinopec's Huangwei oil pipeline. Time and time again, environmental pollution incidents have sounded the alarm bell to us. Environmental problems urgently need to be regulated and adjusted by way of legislation, and citizens' environmental rights are seriously infringed upon in the repeated environmental pollution. There must be effective legal protection. This paper attempts to discuss the legal protection of citizens' environmental rights from three aspects: the first is to analyze the problems existing in the legal protection of citizens' environmental rights in our country. As a right, it is composed of subject, object and content. As far as the citizen's environmental right itself is concerned, there are many defects in the legislative structure because it is not clearly stipulated in the legislation in our country, and the subject and object of the citizen's environmental right are regarded as the subject and object of the theoretical circle. The content and the relative obligor of environmental rights are still in dispute. At the institutional level, although some laws of some departments in our country are more or less involved in environmental protection, they are only relief in a specific aspect. Can not form a complete and effective legal system of environmental protection. The second aspect, through comparative study of other countries on the protection of environmental rights related provisions to gain our country can learn from the advanced experience. The United States and Japan protect citizens' environmental rights through both the national constitution and the basic law. Some countries, represented by Sweden, include environmental rights in their constitutions. Third, the last part discusses the establishment and perfection of our country's legal protection of citizens' environmental rights from the two aspects of legislation and system. First of all, legislation, our country can adopt the Constitution and the basic Law from the protection of this way. Environmental right is a general trend of the times, and in our country, only by establishing the constitutional status of citizens' environmental rights can we obtain the most fundamental protection. As a systematic law of implementing the environmental right in the constitution, the basic law of the environment can make detailed and operable legal provisions for the legal protection of the environmental right of citizens. This paper gives an effective answer to the existing civil environmental rights in our country, such as the unclear subject, the narrow scope of the object, the uncertainty of the content, and so on. The construction of legal protection system for citizens' environmental rights in our country can establish both direct and indirect relief models, which is conducive to the overall protection of citizens' environmental interests. In the specific system design, citizens, environmental protection organizations, environmental protection departments and procuratorial organs are all included in the scope of plaintiffs who bring environmental public interest litigation, and environmental public interest litigation should be reasonably distributed among the original defendants. In order to improve the enthusiasm of citizens to initiate environmental public interest litigation, the author tries to adjust the lawyer and the payment of litigation expenses, and the plaintiff wins the lawsuit from these two aspects; It is also necessary to take into account certain acts that may hinder the administration of justice simply for the purpose of obtaining public interest litigation incentives, and design a way for the plaintiff to submit a bond for litigation to suppress certain potential acts; environmental public interest litigation is of a public good nature. This kind of public welfare right has the characteristics of non-disposition, so it can not be applied to the mediation system in civil action.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.6

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