道路交通事故认定规制研究

发布时间：2018-09-10 18:18

【摘要】：道路交通事故是现代社会发生几率较高的突发性社会事故，对交通事故的正确处理关涉到社会的稳定和谐。准确认定交通事故中的责任，让肇事者承担相应的法律后果，对于降低交通事故的发生率，具有极其重要的意义。但在司法实践中，交通事故认定书的法律权威性被人为的扩大了，交通事故认定书对交通事故责任的认定，不单单被看做划分民事赔偿责任的当然依据，也被当做认定肇事者是否涉嫌交通肇事罪的权威证据。交通事故认定书是交警部门在行政执法过程中制作的法律文书，是交警部门对交通事故当事人进行行政处罚的依据，而不是司法机关判定当事人民事责任和刑事犯罪的法定证据。此外，交警部门在交通事故中的认定行为也缺少必要的监督，交通事故责任认定书的正确性和公正性备受公众质疑，交通事故当事人的合法权益也不时受到侵害。交通事故认定书作为一种重要证据，其制作是否客观正确，直接影响到当事人权利义务关系的承担，因此，研究交通事故中的责任认定，厘清交通事故认定书的性质和所属证据种类，分清交通事故认定书在民事诉讼、刑事诉讼中的地位，指出现行道路交通事故认定所存在的不足，并在此基础之上，通过完善交通事故处理立法、健全交通事故认定机制、创设交通事故责任司法鉴定机构等制度设计，规范交通事故认定书中事故责任的划分，，以期交通事故认定书对交通事故责任的认定更加科学、公正，依据交通事故认定书对事故当事人法律责任的追究更加公平合理，从而促使道路交通运行更加安全便捷。本文的学术价值在于在认清交通事故认定书的性质的前提下，进一步指出直接依据交通事故认定书要求肇事者承担民事责任和刑事责任的先天不足和理论上的尴尬，让交通事故认定书回归自己本来的位置，并通过制度设计使交通事故认定书在认定肇事者事故责任时做到准确、公正，从而为今后的司法实践指引正确的方向，并为交警部门认真、公正制作交通事故认定书提供制度保障。本文的应用价值在于，交通事故认定书是认定肇事者承担何种事故责任的重要文书，准确、公正制作交通事故认定书，有利于维护公安机关的执法形象，降低事故当事人的抵触情绪，加快交通事故的处理。按照民事案件、刑事案件性质的不同，合理、合法使用交通事故认定书，既使受害人的损失得到赔偿，又使肇事者的合法权益得到法律的有效保护。从本人收集的相关文献资料来看，我国单独研究交通事故认定书的论文不多，并且多数论文是在交通事故责任研究或交通肇事罪若干问题研究中，就与其论文相关的交通事故认定书所存在的问题进行分析阐述，并提出具体的应对方法。在以交通事故认定书为研究对象的论文中，大多探讨交通事故认定书的性质和效力，以及交通事故认定书的可诉性，没有就交通事故认定书本身的准确、公正性，以及在民事诉讼、刑事诉讼中直接将其作为证据使用的问题，进行系统的阐述并提出具体的应对措施。但在司法实践中，交通事故认定书与事故当事人的人身、财产权利休戚相关，因此，为维护事故当事人合法权益，彰显法律的公正与权威，厘清交通事故认定书在民事诉讼、刑事诉讼的规范应用，杜绝交通事故认定书本身存在的随意性与不公正性，有必要对交通事故认定书本身进行深入细致的研究。本人在工作中接触到大量交通肇事罪案件，带着办理案件中对交通事故认定书产生的种种困惑，我查阅了最近几年关于交通事故责任方面的论文，了解到在理论界对该问题所存有的争议，以及司法实践中对交通事故认定书的片面倚重与法学理论之间的冲突。本人充分利用学校图书馆、中国知网和互联网查找、收集了大量有关交通事故责任认定方面的论文资料，为论文的写作提供了丰富的素材。本文采用的研究方法包括两种：（1）文献分析方法。查阅、收集相关文献资料，总结和归纳已有研究成果，在论文写作过程中加以运用。（2）实证调研方法。理论结合实际，用相关学术理论检验司法实践，找出二者之间的不符之处，并进行认真思考，提出应对方法。本文共分三个部分：第一部分：道路交通事故认定概述该部分阐述了道路交通事故责任和交通事故认定书的证据种类，在阐明交通事故认定书包含内容的基础上，探讨了交通事故责任和法律责任，分析了交通事故认定书中删除“责任”的积极意义，论述了交通事故认定书的证据种类问题，为文章第二部分论述道路交通事故认定存在的问题做了理论铺垫。第二部分：道路交通事故认定存在的问题该部分通过对我国现行有关道路交通法律、法规的分析，结合工作实践中遇到的现实问题和困惑，指出在交通事故认定中存在的立法不完善、机制不健全，以及在司法实践中存在的适用错误问题，为文章第三部分完善道路交通事故认定提供了理论和实践依据。第三部分：道路交通事故认定的完善该部分在总结上文有关交通事故认定所存在问题的基础之上，大胆提出在完善立法、健全认定机制、建立司法鉴定机构等方面，增添相关法律规定，制定全国普遍统一适用的交通事故认定标准，拓宽法律救济渠道，丰富社会公众对自身权益的保护方式，为未来规范道路交通事故认定提出创新构想。
[Abstract]:Road traffic accident is a sudden social accident with a high probability of occurrence in modern society. Correct handling of traffic accidents involves social stability and harmony. Accurately determining the responsibility in traffic accidents and letting the perpetrators bear the corresponding legal consequences are of great significance for reducing the incidence of traffic accidents. But in judicial practice The legal authority of traffic accident cognizance has been artificially expanded. The cognizance of traffic accident cognizance is not only regarded as the natural basis for dividing civil compensation liability, but also as the authoritative evidence for determining whether the perpetrator is suspected of traffic accident crime. The legal documents produced in the process are the basis for the traffic police departments to impose administrative penalties on the parties involved in traffic accidents, not the legal evidence for judging the civil liability and criminal offences of the parties by the judicial organs. Traffic accident cognizance, as an important evidence, whether it is made objectively and correctly, has a direct impact on the commitment of the rights and obligations of the parties. Therefore, it is necessary to study the liability cognizance in traffic accidents and clarify the nature and evidence of the traffic accident cognizance. According to the types, distinguish the status of the traffic accident cognizance in civil and criminal proceedings, point out the shortcomings of the current road traffic accident cognizance, and on this basis, through improving the traffic accident handling legislation, improve the traffic accident cognizance mechanism, create the traffic accident liability judicial expertise institutions and other system design, standardize traffic accidents. The division of accident liability in the cognizance document is expected to make the cognizance of traffic accident liability more scientific and fair, and the investigation of the legal liability of the parties involved in the accident according to the cognizance document of traffic accident more equitable and reasonable, so as to make the road traffic operation safer and more convenient.
The academic value of this paper lies in recognizing the nature of the traffic accident cognizance, further pointing out the congenital deficiency and theoretical embarrassment of requiring the perpetrator to bear civil and criminal liability directly according to the traffic accident cognizance, letting the traffic accident cognizance return to its original position, and making the traffic accident through system design. Therefore, the affirmation certificate should be accurate and impartial in identifying the accident liability of the offender, so as to guide the correct direction for the future judicial practice, and provide the system guarantee for the traffic police departments to make the traffic accident affirmation certificate seriously and fairly. Making the traffic accident cognizance certificate accurately and fairly is beneficial to safeguarding the law enforcement image of the public security organ, reducing the conflict emotion of the parties involved in the accident and speeding up the handling of the traffic accident. Legal rights and interests are effectively protected by law. According to the relevant literature collected by myself, there are not many papers on traffic accident cognizance in our country, and most of them are in the research of traffic accident liability or some problems of traffic accident crime. In most of the papers taking traffic accident cognizance as the research object, the nature and effectiveness of traffic accident cognizance and the suitability of traffic accident cognizance are discussed. The accuracy and impartiality of traffic accident cognizance are not discussed, and it is directly taken as evidence in civil and criminal proceedings. However, in judicial practice, traffic accident cognizance is closely related to the personal and property rights of the accident parties. Therefore, in order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the accident parties, highlight the impartiality and authority of the law, clarify the traffic accident cognizance in civil proceedings and criminal proceedings. It is necessary to make a thorough and detailed study on the application of traffic accident cognizance to prevent the arbitrariness and unfairness of traffic accident cognizance.
I have been exposed to a large number of traffic accident crime cases in my work. With all kinds of confusion in handling traffic accident cognizance, I have consulted the papers on traffic accident liability in recent years, and learned that there are controversies on this issue in the theoretical circle, and the one-sided dependence on traffic accident cognizance in judicial practice. I have made full use of the school library, China Knowledgeable Network and Internet search, collected a large number of papers on the identification of traffic accident liability, providing a wealth of material for the writing of the paper. Materials, summarize and summarize the existing research results, and use them in the process of writing papers. (2) Empirical research methods. Theory combined with practice, using relevant academic theory to test judicial practice, find out the inconsistencies between the two, and seriously consider, put forward countermeasures.
This article is divided into three parts.
Part one: overview of road traffic accident identification
This part elaborates the types of evidence of road traffic accident liability and traffic accident cognizance, discusses the traffic accident liability and legal liability on the basis of clarifying the contents of traffic accident cognizance, analyzes the positive significance of deleting "liability" in the traffic accident cognizance, and discusses the types of evidence of traffic accident cognizance. It lays a theoretical foundation for the second part of the article to discuss the problems existing in the identification of road traffic accidents.
The second part: problems existing in road traffic accident identification.
This part points out the imperfection of legislation, the imperfection of mechanism and the misapplication in judicial practice through the analysis of the relevant laws and regulations on road traffic in our country and the practical problems and perplexities encountered in the work practice. It is the third part of the article to perfect the identification of road traffic accidents. It provides theoretical and practical basis.
The third part: the improvement of road traffic accident identification.
On the basis of summing up the problems existing in the traffic accident identification, this part boldly proposes to add relevant legal provisions in perfecting the legislation, perfecting the identification mechanism and establishing the judicial appraisal institution, to formulate the nationwide universally applicable traffic accident identification standards, to broaden the channels of legal relief, and to enrich the public's right to oneself. The way to protect benefits is to provide innovative ideas for future road traffic accident identification.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.14

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