我国保护外国专家权益法律制度探析

发布时间：2019-04-08 16:03

【摘要】：外国专家是国际化人才的重要组成部分，这一人群的权益保护是否做好、做到位将成为影响我国人才国际化进程的重要因素之一。本文首先对外国专家定义和外国专家权益含义进行了探讨。现行有关行政法规或者规范性文件中对外国专家定义的版本比较多，没有统一，外国专家的含义存在广义的含义、狭义的含义，有时又与“外籍专业人员”、“外籍工作人员”等同，导致公众辨识度不高，无法与相关概念进行区分。根据国际通行的标准和做法，我国应首先建立外国人来中国工作指导目录、积分评估制度以及劳动力市场测试制度，在此基础上对于达到一定积分要求、并且为我国劳动力市场所需要的外国籍从业人员可以界定为外国专家。外国专家的权益是指外国专家符合法律规定的权利和利益。在我国，关于外国专家权益保护的最高效力的条文是宪法第三十二条的规定。我国参与缔结的国际公约，如《公民公约和政治权利国际公约》、《经济社会及文化权利国际公约》也有涉及，但是以上都只是泛泛规定，基本流于形式。具体的对于外国专家的权益保护条款可见于我国相关的行政法规及政策性文件中，但是比较分散且数量也不多。其次，通过查阅文献，与发达国家相关立法的比较分析，并根据从事外国专家管理工作遇到的实际问题等，对我国保护外国专家权益的法律制度的现状和问题进行了梳理，分析了原因，并提出了解决问题的见解。笔者认为，我国应参考国际通行做法，制定一部统一的外国专家在华工作的法律，在其中将先行繁杂的碎片化的各种特殊待遇统一简化为全面的国民待遇，而且除非情况极其特殊、只针对特别明确的人，一律避免超国民待遇。国民待遇，包括的范围是经济社会、教育和文化方面的权利，人身自由和信仰自由，而不包括政治权益。但是对于取得中国永久居留权的外国专家，笔者认为可以赋予其一定的政治权益，比如赋予取得中国永久居住权的外国专家在其居住地范围的参政权，这样可以有效地鼓励这部分外国专家积极发挥他们的作用，参与当地的生活和管理，，提高他们的归属性。其次在制定统一法律之后，要通过制定针对具体权益的行政法规或部门规章来具体加以保障，如制定《外国专家聘用合同管理办法》、《外国专家社会保障管理办法》、《海外人才市场管理办法》、《外国专家分类管理办法》等，来营造外国专家在中国工作和生活的良好的法制环境。
[Abstract]:Foreign experts are an important part of internationalized talents. Whether the rights and interests of this group are well protected or not will become one of the important factors that affect the internationalization process of talents in our country. This paper first discusses the definition of foreign experts and the meaning of foreign experts' rights and interests. There are many versions of the definitions of foreign experts in the current relevant administrative regulations or normative documents, which are not uniform. The meaning of foreign experts exists in a broad sense, a narrow sense, and sometimes with "foreign professionals." The equivalence of "expatriate staff" leads to poor public identification and can not be distinguished from related concepts. In accordance with international standards and practices, China should first set up a directory of foreign nationals to work in China, a credit assessment system and a labour market test system, on the basis of which, we should meet certain requirements for points. And for our labor market needs of foreign practitioners can be defined as foreign experts. The rights and interests of foreign experts refer to the rights and interests of foreign experts in accordance with the law. In China, the provisions on the protection of foreign experts' rights and interests are stipulated in Article 32 of the Constitution. The international covenants to which China is a party, such as the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, are also covered. The specific rights and interests protection clauses for foreign experts can be found in the relevant administrative regulations and policy documents of our country, but they are relatively scattered and few in number. Secondly, by consulting the literature, comparing with the relevant legislation of the developed countries, and according to the practical problems encountered in the management of foreign experts, this paper combs the current situation and problems of the legal system for the protection of the rights and interests of foreign experts in China. The reason is analyzed, and the opinion of solving the problem is put forward. The author believes that China should draw up a unified law on the work of foreign experts in China, referring to international practices, in which all kinds of special treatment, which is first complicated and fragmented, should be unified into all-round national treatment. And unless the situation is extremely special, only specifically targeted people, avoid supranational treatment. National treatment, including economic, social, educational and cultural rights, personal freedom and freedom of belief, does not include political rights. However, for foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China, the author believes that they can be given certain political rights and interests, such as giving foreign experts who have acquired the right of permanent residence in China the right to participate in the political power within the scope of their residence. This can effectively encourage these foreign experts to play their role actively, participate in local life and management, and improve their attribution. Secondly, after the enactment of a unified law, specific protection should be made through the formulation of administrative regulations or departmental regulations specific to specific rights and interests, such as the regulations on the Administration of contracts for the Employment of Foreign experts, and the measures for the Administration of Social Security of Foreign experts. In order to create a good legal environment for foreign experts to work and live in China, the measures on the Management of overseas Talent Market and the Classification of Foreign experts.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.14

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