非政府组织参与公共危机管理问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 23:32

本文选题：公共危机管理　切入点：非政府组织　出处：《东北财经大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：二十世纪,尤其是进入二十一世纪以来,由自然灾害引起的公共危机越来越多,拿中国来说,近十年中就发生了2008年的汶川地震、2010年的玉树地震、2012年盈江地震以及2010年的西南大旱和2012年的北京7·21内涝等。除自然灾害引发的公共危机外,其他方面引发的公共危机也屡见不鲜,如2003年的非典事件、2008年三聚氰胺奶粉事件、2010年的什邡事件、2013年H7N9、2014年昆明301事件以及2014年5·22乌鲁木齐沙依巴克早市爆炸案等。并且随着我国政治、经济以及社会方面的改革不断深入,各方面矛盾会越来越突出,爆发公共危机的可能性也就越来越大。国家防震减灾委员会办公室会同民政部、国土资源部、农业部、地震局、气象局、中国红十字会总会以及其他相关部门,联合对2013年全国自然灾害情况进行了会商分析。经核定,2013年,各类自然灾害共造成全国38818.7万人次受灾,1851人死亡,433人失踪,1215万人次紧急转移安置；87.5万间房屋倒塌,770.3万间房屋不同程度损坏；农作物受灾面积31349.8千公顷,其中绝收3844.4千公顷；直接经济损失5808.4亿元①。这些都表明,随着全球经济一体化进程的不断深化以及自然环境的进一步破坏,我国面临着更为复杂的发展环境,从而造成公共危机的发生从偶发变成了频发。政府作为公共管理的主体,在面对突如其来的公共危机时,其主体地位是不可撼动的。因为公共危机具有突发性、破坏性、复杂性等特点,因而迫切需要政府站在宏观的角度,统筹全局,采取统一行动。但是经济的发展、社会的进步、错综复杂的关系网络使得政府在单独应对公共危机时显得力不从心,这就需要社会力量的介入,需要社会力量与政府密切配合共同应对公共危机带来的影响。作为社会力量的集中体现,非政府组织在应对复杂的公共危机中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是,由于历史原因加之我国非政府组织自身发展存在的缺陷,使得其在参与公共危机管理方面还存在着不足,如何扭转这些不足,使非政府组织在应对公共危机时发挥更好的作用,是目前亟需解决的问题。本文试图从四个方面展开论述。第一部分,阐述相关概念。对概念的清晰界定是科学研究的前提条件,因此本文首先对非政府组织、危机、公共危机、公共危机管理的内涵及特征进行了概述,其后运用公民社会和善治理论、市场失灵和政府失灵理论以及委托-代理理论、契约失灵理论为非政府组织参与公共危机管理提供理论基础。第二部分,优势及参与路径分析。首先从非政府组织参与公共危机管理的优势及其参与路径进行分析。并以此为基础,对我国非政府组织参与公共危机管理中存在的问题及其原因进行了深入的研究。第三部分,借鉴国外应对公共危机的经验。先后对秘鲁地震和伦敦连环爆炸案、非政府组织的参与情况进行阐述分析,为我国非政府组织参与公共危机管理提供经验借鉴。第四部分,提出建议。第一,促进非政府组织参与公共危机管理的制度建设。从构建完善的非政府组织法律制度,构建非政府组织与政府的长效合作机制,推进非政府组织参与公共危机管理的制度建设三个方面展开论述。第二,加强非政府组织参与公共危机管理的能力建设。从制定组织内部的危机应急预案,加强信息披露、提高社会公信力建设,增强志愿者参与的专业化水平三个方面进行分析。
[Abstract]:In twentieth Century, especially since twenty-first Century, more and more public crisis caused by natural disasters, with Chinese, nearly ten years occurred in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, 2012 Yingjiang earthquake and the 2010 drought in the southwest and Beijing in 2012 7 - 21. In addition to waterlogging and other natural disasters caused by the public crisis the other hand, the public crisis caused by the SARS event such as It is often seen., 2003, 2008, the melamine milk powder incident, the Shifang incident of 2010, 2013 H7N92014 Kunming incident in 301 and 2014 5 - 22 Urumqi bombings and Shah Bea Barker morning. As China's political, economic and social aspects of reform deepening, the contradiction will more and more prominent. The possibility of the outbreak of public crisis is more and more big.
National Disaster Reduction Committee Office in conjunction with the Ministry of civil affairs, the Ministry of land and resources, Ministry of agriculture, Seismological Bureau, bureau of meteorology, China Red Cross and other relevant departments, and in 2013 the country's natural disasters discussed analysis. After approval, in 2013, the national natural disasters caused a total of 388 million 187 thousand people were affected, 1851 people were killed and 433 people the missing, 12 million 150 thousand people evacuated; 875 thousand houses collapsed and 7 million 703 thousand houses damaged to varying degrees; crops affected area of 31 million 349 thousand and 800 hectares, of which 3 million 844 thousand and 400 hectares of crops; the direct economic loss of 580 billion 840 million yuan.
All these indicate that, with the process of global economic integration deepening and the further destruction of the natural environment, China is facing a more complex development environment, resulting in the occurrence of public crisis from the incident became frequent. The government as the main body of public administration, in the face of sudden public crisis, the main position is unshakable because the public crisis is sudden, destructive, complexity, and the urgent need for the government to stand in the macro perspective, the overall plan, take unified action. But the economic development, social progress, network relationship perplexing makes the government in a separate public crisis appeared to be inadequate, which requires social forces involvement of social forces and the government need to cooperate closely to jointly deal with the public crisis influence. As the embodiment of social forces, non - governmental organizations in response to the Play an increasingly important role in public crisis in the complex. However, due to historical reasons and the organization's own development defects in our country, the participation in public crisis management is insufficient, how to reverse these deficiencies, the NGOs play a better role in dealing with public crisis, is now to solve the problem.
This article tries to discuss from four aspects.
The first part elaborates related concepts. To clearly define the concept is a prerequisite for scientific research, this article first on the non government organization, crisis, public crisis, the connotation and characteristics of public crisis management are summarized, followed by civil society and good governance theory, the principal-agent theory and the theory of market failure and government failure. Contract failure theory for non-governmental organizations to participate in public crisis management and provide a theoretical basis.
The second part, analysis of the advantages and participation path. First from the non-governmental organizations to participate in public crisis management and the advantage of participating in path analysis. And on this basis, the government organizations to participate in public crisis management problems and their causes in China's non in-depth study.
The third part, learning from foreign experience in dealing with public crisis, analyzes and describes the participation of NGOs in Peru earthquake and London serial bombing case, providing experience for NGO to participate in public crisis management.
The fourth part is the recommendations. First, to promote the system construction of non governmental organizations to participate in public crisis management. From the establishment of non government organization legal system, establish long-term cooperation mechanism of non-governmental organizations and the government, to promote the three aspects of the system construction of non governmental organizations to participate in public crisis management are discussed. Second, strengthen non-governmental organizations to participate in the public crisis management ability construction. From the crisis emergency plan within the organization, strengthen information disclosure, improve the social credibility construction, three aspects to enhance the professional level of volunteers were analyzed.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D632.9;D63

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