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失地农民民意表达中的政府回应问题研究

发布时间:2018-09-18 10:28
【摘要】:随着我国城市化进程的加速,由于国家对农业投入的不足,二元制社会制度的存在,农民政治权利的缺失,我国失地农民的问题越来越凸显出来。虽然失地农民实现自身利益的意识增强,其民意表达的愿望也增多,但失地农民在民意表达这个环节上面却受到很大阻碍,如诉求渠道不畅、利益表达的权益缺乏保障等,继而,集体越级上访、暴力抗警、围攻地方政府等群体性事件时有发生并呈愈演愈烈之势。由于政府是国家管理与社会治理的关键行政主体,因此,新时期失地农民民意表达内容是否得到国家与社会的重视,失地农民民意表达的渠道是否畅通,失地农民民意表达所要维系的权益能否得到保障,都与政府回应的优劣具有直接而关键的联系。如何不断完善政府的回应机制建设,增强政府对失地农民的回应能力,进而确保失地农民权益得到合理维护就成为能否完成我国“十二五”规划提出的“强农惠农”目标的关键,也对推动我国行政体制改革的顺利开展具有重要的意义。 失地农民民意表达中的政府回应问题是一个较为综合的研究主题,不仅跨越了政府与农民研究主题,而且涵盖了有关民意表达与政府回应的基本范畴。民意表达是由社会的群体或个体基于一定的社会政治利益目标通过特定的渠道与方式向政府或社会表达自己的态度或意见的政治行为。而政府回应则是在一定的社会环境下,回应主体对回应客体的互动联系,特指行政主体的政府在公共管理过程中对公众的社会需求和所提出的问题做出积极反应和回复并负有一定的法律与社会责任的过程。二者均为政治学与行政学领域内的重要基本范畴,是研究社会民生问题与政府问题不可回避的重要主题,从民意表达与政府回应反映的内容、特征与表现形式来看,二者具有重要的而紧密的内在关联,研究二者的这种关联,对于探索本文研究的主题即失地农民民意表达与政府回应问题有着至关重要的意义与价值。本文认为,民意表达与政府回应的内在契合主要表现在以下三个方面:即民意表达是政府回应的重要前提;政府回应是民意表达的必然要求;民意表达与政府回应之间具有内在的统一性。 失地农民是国家在工业化与城市化发展过程中的伴生物。造成目前失地农民问题的根源并非在于国家征用了农民的土地,而是在于农民在被征用了土地以后并没有得到合理的补偿与安置。具体而言,新时期失地农民问题形成的原因主要有以下几点体现:征地补偿标准过低,随意性大;土地产权关系不明确;失地农民社会保障机制缺失;一些地方政府服务于民的观念欠缺增加了失地农民问题解决的复杂性。失地农民的民意表达是由失地农民这一特定的群体向政府发出的为维护农民切身利益的诉求的表达,其特征主要体现为以下四个方面。第一,失地农民的民意表达主体具有个体与群体的多元统一性,但在实际过程中则趋向于群体性;第二,失地农民的民意表达客体具有目标一致性特点,其抗争对象的层次比较低;第三,失地农民的民意表达具有复杂的多层次性,但一般采取的手段都是合法的与非暴力的;第四,失地农民的民意表达具有目标与结果的对接性,抗争的工具性与诉求的具体性往往统一在一起。无论从农民角度还是从政府角度来看,都希望将失地农民问题造成的损失控制到最小,都希望失地农民问题能够得以较好解决。这种积极性地、建设性地应对事件与解决问题的初衷推动了新时期失地农民问题的解决进程,也促使新时期失地农民的民意表达取得了许多成效。但同时由于影响失地农民问题的因素具有复杂性特点,一些失地农民在民意表达时也遇到了重重阻力与困境,造成表达无效果、表达无回应的情况,进而导致这些失地农民采取一些极端民意表达方式加以应对。这些就构成了失地农民民意表达的积极性与消极性并存的双面表现。 从目前的情况来看,作为行政部门核心的政府在对失地农民问题进行回应的时候还存在一些问题,这些问题影响了失地农民民意表达的效果,甚至有的政府回应存在的问题直接导致了失地农民民意表达结果的负向化发展,产生消极性影响,这在一定程度上不利于失地农民问题的解决,也会影响到官民团结的和谐局面。这些缺陷具体有以下四方面表现。第一,作为政府回应主体的各级政府部门存在着政府回应的角色缺位、政府回应的主动性差以及政府回应效果欠佳的缺陷;第二,作为主要政府回应对象的失地农民主要存在着公民意识淡薄、政治文化素质较低以及行动缺乏组织性等缺陷;第三,作为政府回应过程则存在着回应渠道不畅通以及回应方式与方法的缺陷:第四,作为政府回应机制不健全则体现为政府回应法律保障机制、政府回应协商机制、政府回应监督机制以及政府回应评估和反馈机制存在缺陷。 失地农民民意表达过程中政府回应存在的这些缺陷大大阻碍了政府回应效果的发挥,也影响到失地农民切身权益的维系。经过分析可以发现这些问题的产生并非偶然,而是有着深刻的根源,造成这些问题的原因主要有以下四方面体现。第一,造成政府回应主体的各级政府部门存在问题主要在于政府基本公共理念的缺失、政府组织结构存在问题以及政府回应素养与方法有待改善;第二,造成政府回应对象的失地农民存在问题主要在于受到中国传统政治文化观念的影响、受教育程度有限以及民意表达组织的缺位;第三,造成政府回应过程存在问题则主要在于权力主导型决策模式以及相关制度不健全对政府回应过程的消极影响;第四,造成政府回应机制不健全的原因主要在于相关机制构建具有复杂性与阶段性特点。 针对失地农民民意表达过程中政府回应的这些问题与产生这些问题的原因,本文认为可以通过以下四个方面的途径加以改善,进而提高政府回应的能力,增强政府回应的效果,切实维护失地农民权益。第一,增强政府公务员的公民本位理念,着重培养公务员以人为本的服务意识、公正与责任意识以及依法行政的法治意识。第二,不断提高失地农民自身素质与组织化程度,一方面大力推动基本公共服务均等化进程,尤其是加大对农村科学文化教育事业的财政投入力度,加强对失地农民的文化素养教育与政治素养教育;另一方面,借助现有的农民民意表达组织、通过农民自发组织以及行业经济组织的发展提高失地农民的组织化程度。第三,畅通政府回应过程,在畅通政府回应的有效渠道的同时,创新政府回应方式。第四,不断健全政府回应的有效机制,不断完善政府回应法律保障机制、政府回应协商机制、政府回应监督机制以及政府回应评估与反馈机制。可以相信,在理论研究者、政府相关人员与广大失地农民的共同努力下,失地农民民意表达中的政府回应能力会不断得到提升,政府回应水平也将不断得到增强,政府决策能够更加充分地满足失地农民的利益诉求,失地农民权益也能够得到切实有效的维护,我国各方面事业快速、平稳、健康发展的社会主义和谐社会目标也将早日实现。
[Abstract]:With the acceleration of China's urbanization process, due to the shortage of state investment in agriculture, the existence of dual social system and the lack of political rights of peasants, the problem of landless peasants has become increasingly prominent. However, this link has been greatly hindered, such as the poor channel of appeal, the lack of protection of the rights and interests of the expression of interests, and so on. Then, collective petitions, violent resistance to police, siege of local governments and other mass incidents have occurred and become more and more intense. Whether the content of farmers'public opinion expression is valued by the state and society, whether the channels of public opinion expression of land-lost peasants are unblocked, and whether the rights and interests of Land-lost peasants' public opinion expression can be guaranteed are directly and critically related to the merits and demerits of the government's response. The responsiveness of the people and the reasonable safeguard of the rights and interests of the landless peasants are the key to fulfilling the goal of "strengthening agriculture and benefiting agriculture" proposed in the 12th Five-Year Plan of China, and are also of great significance to the smooth development of the administrative system reform in China.
The government response in the expression of public opinion of landless peasants is a comprehensive research topic, which not only crosses the research topic of government and peasants, but also covers the basic categories of public opinion expression and government response. Government response is a kind of political behavior in which the respondents express their attitudes or opinions to the government or society in a certain social environment, and the respondents interact with the respondents, especially when the government of the administrative subject responds positively to the social needs of the public and to the questions raised in the process of public administration. Both of them are important basic categories in the field of politics and administration. They are important subjects that can not be avoided in the study of social and people's livelihood issues and government issues. This connection is of great significance and value to the exploration of the theme of this paper, that is, the expression of public opinion of landless peasants and the government response. The inevitable requirement of expression is inherent unity between public opinion expression and government response.
Landless peasants are the concomitants of the state in the process of industrialization and urbanization. The root of the problem of landless peasants is not that the state expropriates the land of peasants, but that the peasants have not been compensated and settled reasonably after they are expropriated. It should be embodied in the following aspects: the compensation standard for land expropriation is too low and arbitrary; the relationship between land property rights is not clear; the social security mechanism of land-lost peasants is absent; some local governments lack the concept of serving the people, which increases the complexity of solving the problem of land-lost peasants. The expression of the government's appeal to safeguard the vital interests of the peasants is characterized by the following four aspects: firstly, the subject of the public opinion expression of the landless peasants has the pluralistic unity of individual and group, but tends to be group in the actual process; secondly, the object of the public opinion expression of the landless peasants has the characteristics of goal consistency. The level of the object of the struggle is relatively low; thirdly, the expression of the people's opinion of the landless peasants is complex and multi-level, but the means generally adopted are legal and non-violent; fourthly, the expression of the people's opinion of the landless peasants has the docking of goals and results, and the instrumentality of the struggle and the specificity of the appeal are often unified. From the government's point of view, both hope to minimize the loss caused by the problem of land-lost peasants, and hope that the problem of land-lost peasants can be better solved. Meanwhile, due to the complexity of the factors affecting the problem of land-lost peasants, some land-lost peasants also encounter many obstacles and difficulties in the expression of public opinion, resulting in ineffective expression and no response to the expression of the situation, which led to these land-lost peasants to take some extreme expressions of public opinion to respond. These constitute the two sided expression of the co-existence of enthusiasm and negativity in the expression of public opinion of landless peasants.
From the current situation, as the core of the administrative department, the government still has some problems when it responds to the problem of land-lost farmers. These problems affect the effect of the expression of public opinion of land-lost farmers, and even some government response problems directly lead to the negative development of the expression of public opinion of land-lost farmers, resulting in negative effects. These shortcomings are embodied in the following four aspects. Firstly, the government departments at all levels as the main body of the government response have the role vacancy of the government response, the government response initiative is poor and the government response effect is poor. Secondly, the landless peasants, as the main respondents of the government, mainly have the shortcomings of weak civic consciousness, low political and cultural quality, and lack of organization in their actions; thirdly, the government response process has the shortcomings of inadequate channels and response methods: fourthly, the government response mechanism is not clear. The perfection is reflected in the defects of the government response legal safeguard mechanism, the government response consultation mechanism, the government response supervision mechanism and the government response evaluation and feedback mechanism.
These defects in the response of the government to the public opinion of the landless peasants have greatly hindered the effectiveness of the government's response and affected the maintenance of the vital rights and interests of the landless peasants. Firstly, the main problems of government departments at all levels are the lack of basic public ideas, the problems of government organizational structure and the improvement of government response literacy and methods. Secondly, the problems of landless peasants who are the respondents of the government mainly lie in the traditional Chinese political and cultural concepts. Thirdly, the main problems in the process of government response lie in the negative impact of the power-LED decision-making model and the imperfect related system on the process of government response; fourthly, the main reasons for the imperfect government response mechanism lie in the relevant mechanism building tools. There are complex and phased characteristics.
In view of these problems and the causes of these problems in the process of public opinion expression of land-lost peasants, this paper holds that the government can improve these problems through the following four ways, so as to enhance the ability of government response, enhance the effect of government response, and effectively safeguard the rights and interests of land-lost peasants. Second, we should constantly improve the quality and organizational level of the landless peasants themselves. On the one hand, we should vigorously promote the equalization of basic public services, especially the financial investment in rural scientific and cultural education. On the other hand, with the help of the existing peasant public opinion expression organizations, through the development of peasant spontaneous organizations and industrial and economic organizations, the degree of organization of land-lost peasants can be improved. Third, the process of government response can be smoothed, while the effective channels of government response can be opened, innovation can be made. Fourthly, we should constantly improve the effective mechanism of government response, constantly improve the legal guarantee mechanism of government response, the consultation mechanism of government response, the supervision mechanism of government response and the evaluation and feedback mechanism of government response. The government's response ability in the expression of the people's opinion will be improved continuously, and the government's response level will be enhanced continuously. The government's decision-making can more fully meet the interests of the landless peasants. The rights and interests of the landless peasants can also be effectively safeguarded. The socialist harmonious society with fast, stable and healthy development in all aspects of our country's undertakings will be safeguarded. The goals will also be realized soon.
【学位授予单位】:东北大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2013
【分类号】:D630;F321.1;D422.6

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