中国公共事业消费者权益的经济学研究

发布时间：2018-02-21 10:41

本文关键词： 公共事业消费者权益自然垄断规制博弈论　出处：《首都经济贸易大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：公共事业所涵盖的范围很广,包括教育、卫生、环境保护、公共住房、公用事业等各个方面,与人们的日常生活关系密切。从市场结构上,公共事业大都处于自然垄断地位;从其提供的产品上,公共事业的商品或服务都是公共物品和准公共物品;从其特点上,公共事业的正外部性又决定了其社会公益性的特征。这些也都体现了公共事业消费者权益的重要性,一旦公共事业对消费者权益产生了侵害,首先影响的就是公众的基本需求,也损害了社会的公益和福利。世界各国都对公共事业十分重视,学术界也因公共事业的种种特点对其进行着不断的研究。但是,我国的公共事业是具有自身特点的,不能完全照搬国外的研究方法与结论。我国公共事业本身就具有计划经济特征,但是又处于市场经济改革的阶段,形成了行政垄断和自然垄断相结合的独特性质。在公共事业的运行过程中,政府常常既是经营者又是监管者,一方面不能克服自利动机,另一方面是没有给予经营者剩余索取权造成低效率,这些都为公共事业侵害消费者利益埋下了伏笔。同时,我国对消费者权益的研究还主要集中在法学领域,没有从消费者剩余的角度去看待市场交易过程中消费者是否收到侵害。虽然目前我国消费者保护的相关法律日渐完善,但对于公共事业中消费者的弱势地位还无能为力。现实中,公共事业乱涨价、乱收费、服务质量差等问题都是消费者投诉的热点,结果却并没有得到有效解决,消费者维权无门,受损的利益得不到补偿。面对这种现状,本文在力图找到背后原因,从而发掘解决之道。首先,文章找到了福利经济学、规制经济学和有效竞争理论作为解决这一问题的经济学基础。进而总结国内外相关研究,吸取前人经验,并找到可以突破创新的领域。在研究范围上,本文没有使用广义的公共事业概念,也没有仅针对公用事业领域,而是选取广义公共事业中,产品或服务具有准公共物品特征的公共事业及其消费者作为研究对象。消费者权益的概念以我国的《消费者权益保护法》为依据,并对照经济学中的消费者剩余概念。特别是不仅仅从价格角度衡量,而是将消费者权益转化为效用整体衡量。公共事业消费者权益受到的侵害有一定的特殊性,本文将这些现象总结为价格的随意上涨、质量和信息不透明、霸王条款以及维权困难等方面,以经济学中自然垄断、信息不对称、交易成本等理论做出了成因的初步分析。然后,将公共事业的参与者抽象为经营者、消费者和监管者,在假设条件下构建博弈模型,找出相应角色参与博弈时的行为和支付。得出了政府应该退出经营,适当引入竞争,降低消费者维权成本的结论。他山之石,可以攻玉。我国的公共事业在消费者权益保护上也应该借鉴他国的先进经验,取长补短。本文通过对美国、英国、日本三个主要发达国家的公共事业考察,总结出共性,又得出了我国应该进行的法律改革路径。公共事业是我国市场经济的重要组成部分,也是我国民生事业的重要基础。对消费者权益的维护,有助于促进消费水平,实现我国用消费拉动内需的战略。同时,对于公共事业的改革,特别是通过维护消费者利益促进体制改革,对于我国的改革进程也有重要意义。
[Abstract]:The scope of public utilities which covers a very wide, including education, health, environmental protection, public housing, utilities and other various aspects, and is closely related to our daily life. From the market structure, public utilities are in a natural monopoly; from the products, public goods or services are public goods and quasi public goods; from its characteristics, positive externalities of public utilities and determines the characteristics of the social commonweal. Which also reflects the importance of the public interests of consumers, once the public interests of consumers have violated, the first impact is the basic needs of the public, also harm the social and public welfare welfare. All countries in the world attach great importance to the public, the academic circles also due to various characteristics of public utilities for the continuous research. However, China's public utilities is has its own characteristics, You can not completely copy the research methods and conclusion. The foreign public utilities in China itself has the characters of the planned economy, but also in the market economy reform stage, has formed the unique nature of administrative monopoly and natural monopoly combination. In the operation process of public utilities, the government often as manager and supervisor, on the one hand can't overcome self motivation, on the other hand there is no residual claim to the operator caused by low efficiency, these are for the public against the interests of consumers foreshadowed. At the same time, the research on the rights and interests of consumers in China are mainly concentrated in the field of law, not from the consumer surplus to the point of view of the market transaction process whether consumers receive infringement. Although at present, China's relevant laws to protect consumers increasingly perfect, but also incapable of action for consumers in public utilities and weak position. In reality, the public The cause of price hikes, charges, problems of poor quality of service is a hot consumer complaints, but the results have not been effectively resolved, consumer rights without the door, damaged the interests of no compensation. In this situation, this paper tries to find the reasons behind, so as to explore the solution. Firstly, the article found the welfare economics, economics of regulation and the effective competition theory as the foundation of economics to solve this problem. And then summarize the related research at home and abroad, to learn from previous experience, and can find breakthrough innovations in the field. In the scope of the study, this paper did not use generalized public service concept, not only in the field of public utilities, but select generalized public utilities in the product or service with public utilities and consumers of quasi public goods characteristics as the research objects. The concept of consumer rights in "consumer protection law" for China On the basis of the control, and the consumer surplus concept in economics. Especially not just from the price point of view, but the rights and interests of consumers into the overall utility measure. Public utilities consumer rights violations have certain particularity, this paper will summarize these phenomena for arbitrary price increases, and the quality of information opaque, and difficulties in terms of overlord rights in economics, natural monopoly, asymmetric information, transaction cost theory to make a preliminary analysis of the causes. Then, the participants of public abstract operators, consumers and regulators, constructs the game model under the assumption, find the corresponding role in the game behavior and payment. The government should withdraw from the operation, appropriate the introduction of competition, reduce the cost of consumer rights. The conclusion of our country. Outside the box, so the public in consumer rights protection It should learn from the advanced experience, he's each other. In the United States, Britain, Japan's three major developed countries public investigation, summed up the common law, and that China should carry out the reform path. Public service is an important part of our market economy, but also an important basis for people's livelihood in China cause. Safeguard the interests of consumers, help to promote the realization of China's consumption level, consumption stimulating domestic demand strategy. At the same time, the reform of public utilities, especially by means of safeguarding the interests of consumers and promote reform, also has important significance for China's reform process.

【学位授予单位】：首都经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F203;D630;D923.8

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