社会治理视域下政府培育非政府组织问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 03:38

本文选题：非政府组织　切入点：政府责任　出处：《南京大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：20世纪80年代以来,人类社会开启了后工业化的进程,与农业社会的简单性和确定性,以及工业社会初期的低度不确定性和低度复杂性的社会治理生态不同,后工业社会的社会治理生态表现为高度不确定性和高度复杂性。在复杂性的社会治理生态之下,各种危机事件频发,人类社会进入到贝克所描述的“风险社会”之中。风险社会蕴含着对工业社会的解构,它使得政府垄断的社会治理模式已经无法适应时代的需求。风险社会消解国家治理的有效性,解构工业社会秩序,引发诸多危机,同时,又蕴含着对于一种新型的社会形态的诉求,释放出改革的制度空间。为了应对“风险社会”产生的危机,世界各国政府都在积极探索政府改革的道路。非政府组织正是在政府改革的过程中产生的,它一经兴起就表现出了强大的生命力,并在全球范围掀起“全球结社革命”。非政府组织是既不属于公共部门也不属于私人部门的“第三部门”。它在“政府／市场失灵”之外发挥着积极的作用,经济的发展和科学技术的进步、人们多样化的需求以及非政府组织自身的发展壮大都给非政府组织成为多元社会治理主体提供了可能性。通过分析我国非政府组织的成长历程,我们发现非政府组织的产生与以往的自愿性的民间组织既有联系但又有根本的区别。这种区别在于前者是一种自治性的力量,而后者是一种辅助性的力量。作为一种社会治理力量,我国非政府组织的发展还不成熟,自治性较弱。政府与非政府组织关系的不顺畅是阻碍非政府组织发展的最大障碍。在计划经济时期,政府通过“组织化社会”的社会建构体系对社会实施全面的控制,挤压了社会的发展空间,使得民间组织的发展基本处于停滞状态。改革开放以后,国家与社会的关系开始有所转变,非政府组织在改革之中兴起。但这一时期,政府面临着两种矛盾：一是“组织化社会”与“社会组织化”的社会建构体系并存,在前一种社会建构体系中政府活动自如,而在后一种社会建构体系中政府缺乏经验,特别是处理与非政府组织关系的经验；二是在如何对待非政府组织时的两难抉择。一方面非政府组织对政府的合法性构成了挑战,政府希望能够“控制”非政府组织,维护自身的合法性；另一方面政府需要非政府组织弥补其治理中的不足。政府“控制导向”的思维严重阻碍非政府组织成长。“控制性思维”在现实中就表现为“政府本位”的社会管理,它导致非政府组织社会认同不足,公众对于非政府组织的参与度不高。另外,现有的社会管理体制的不健全,包括登记管理体制、监督与问责机制、评估与考核机制,成为非政府组织成长过程中最为现实的制约因素。因此,必须促进非政府组织成长、提高非政府组织的自治性。在非政府组织走向自治的过程中,政府仍然是最主要的推动力,需要承担起培育非政府组织的责任。首先,政府需要抛弃原有的“控制性思维”,确立“复杂性思维”,如果没有思维的根本转变,一切都是“空谈”。其次,关键在理顺政府与非政府组织关系,重新定位政府的角色。政府需要从以往的管理者转向服务者,完善社会治理体制,为非政府组织提供制度保障与行动支持。
[Abstract]:Since 1980s, the human society has started the process of post industrialization, and agricultural society is simple and definite, and social governance of industrial society in the early low uncertainty and low complexity of the ecological, social and ecological governance in post industrial society is a high degree of uncertainty and complexity. Under the social governance ecological complexity, variety the frequent crisis of human society into the Beck described in the "risk society". The risk society contains the deconstruction of the industrial society, it makes the social governance mode of government monopoly has been unable to meet the needs of the times. The effectiveness of the risk society digestion of national governance, the deconstruction of industrial society, caused a lot of crisis, at the same time. It contains for a new form of society demands, release the system space of reform. In order to deal with the "risk society" The crisis, governments around the world are actively exploring the road of reform. The government non governmental organization is generated in the process of the government reforms, it is by a rise on the performance of a strong vitality, and in the global scope of a "Global Association Revolution". Non government organization is neither belongs to the public sector does not belong to the private sector, "the third sector". It plays a positive role in the government / market failure ", the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, people's demands and NGOs grandness to non-governmental organizations to become multiple social governance body provides the possibility. Through the analysis of development of non our government organization, we have found that non-governmental organizations and non-governmental organization and the voluntary is linked but there are fundamental differences. The difference is that the former is a kind of autonomy The power of the latter is a kind of auxiliary power. As a kind of social governance power, the development of non government organizations in China is not mature, autonomy is weak. The government and non governmental organization relationship is not smooth is the largest obstacle for the development of non government organizations. In the planned economy period, the government implemented a comprehensive control on the society through "the organization society" construction system, squeezing the space for development of the society, the development of non-governmental organizations is basically at a standstill. After the reform and opening up, the relationship between state and society has begun to change, the rise of the NGO in the reform. But during this period, the government faces two contradictions: is the coexistence of "organizational socialization" and "social organization" social construction system, in front of a social construction system in the government activities freely, and after a social construction system in the government lack of experience. Don't is to deal with the relationship between NGOs and the experience; two is in the dilemma of how to treat the non government organization. The hand of non-governmental organizations to challenge the legitimacy of the government, the government hopes to "control" non governmental organization, to maintain its legitimacy; on the other hand, the government needs to compensate for the lack of non governmental organizations the governance of the government. "Thought control oriented" seriously hinder NGOs. "Growth control thinking" in reality show "government social management standard", which leads to non governmental organizations lack of social identity, the public for NGO participation is not high. In addition, the current social management the system is not perfect, including the registration and management system, supervision and accountability mechanisms, assessment and evaluation mechanism, a non-governmental organization in the growth process of the most realistic constraints. Therefore, we must promote the non government Growth, improve the autonomy of non-governmental organizations. In the process of non governmental organizations to autonomy, the government is still the main driving force, need to assume the responsibility to cultivate non-governmental organizations. First of all, the government needs to abandon the original "thinking", establish "complex thinking", if no fundamental change in thinking that everything is "empty". Secondly, the key to rationalize the relationship between government and non governmental organizations, re positioning the role of the government. The government needs from the management to service, improve the social management system, and provide an institutional guarantee for non-governmental organizations to support the action.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D630;D632.9

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