近海捕捞渔船海上突发事故多元化主体救助研究

发布时间：2019-01-08 08:38

【摘要】：我国是一个发展中的渔业大国,海上作业属于高风险行业,以小型船舶为主的近海捕捞渔船工作条件比海洋上其他操作条件更差,相较之下面临着比远洋和大马力渔船更多的自然和社会风险,灾害承受能力更差,更容易发生事故,对小型船舶的搜救是我国海上搜救工作的重中之重。与此同时,十八大报告明确指出建设海洋强国的战略目标,海洋上升到一个新的战略高度。建设海洋强国必然要求重视海洋安全生产,维护海上安全,建构与时俱进的海上安全战略,在此过程中,海上救助力量的建设及关系的协调是一个至关重要的环节。此外,海上事故救助准公共物品的属性和其工作的复杂性等性质综合决定了海上事故救助必须建立起多元主体救助的运作机制来保障救助工作的有效性。本文通过对海上救助相关文献资料整理分析,以救助主体为划分依据,初步了解了我国海上救助的历史演变过程,与此同时,对我国近海捕捞渔船海上突发事故及其救助的主要特点进行了阐述。以大量现实案例和实地调研结果为事实依据,论述我国现行海上救助机制存在的诸多问题,包括客观行政体制层面的困境；各主体主观意识层面上的困境；海上救助中社会力量的参与困境以及海上救助服务的法律及物资保障困境,然而困境存在的核心在于立体交叉、纵横交错的海上突发事故救助系统尚未成型,海上救助的三大行为主体协调力度不足,主体间的分工与合作交流欠缺。本文继而以我国现行海上救助面临的发展困境为切入点,参照英美德日四个国家海上搜救管理机制的建设经验,结合政府失灵和多主体合作理论,首先从总体上提出近海捕捞渔船海上多元化主体救助运作机制的构建框架,以“全覆盖、专业化与社会化并举、多源化”为多元化主体机制构建的指导思想与原则,强调多元化主体内部不同救助主体之间：政府与社会、政府与渔民、社会与渔民、政府自身内部组成部分的衔接与联动关系。在此基础上,从政府、社会参与力量和渔船自身三大主体的角度对近海捕捞渔船海上突发事故多元化主体救助的完善路径进行探析,主要通过提升政府海上应急救助机制的时效性、推进社会参与机制的建设、鼓励渔船自救互救工作的推行,形成一种以政府为主导、以社会力量为补充、渔民个体力量为基础的三者交叉融合、协同一致的科学化海上突发事故救助系统,强化应急响应机制的高效运转和协调有序。
[Abstract]:China is a big fishing country in the developing world. The offshore fishing vessels, mainly small vessels, have worse working conditions than other operating conditions in the ocean. Compared with the ocean-going and high-horsepower fishing boats, they face more natural and social risks, have worse disaster tolerance and are more prone to accidents. The search and rescue of small vessels is the most important task in China's maritime search and rescue work. At the same time, the report of the 18th National Congress clearly pointed out the strategic goal of building a powerful marine power, and the ocean rose to a new strategic height. It is necessary to pay attention to marine safety production, maintain maritime safety and construct a maritime safety strategy with the times. In this process, the construction of salvage forces and the coordination of their relations is a crucial link. In addition, the properties of quasi-public goods and the complexity of their work determine that the operational mechanism of multi-subject salvage must be established to ensure the effectiveness of salvage work. Based on the analysis of relevant documents on salvage at sea, this paper, based on the division of salvage subjects, has preliminarily understood the historical evolution of salvage at sea in China, and at the same time, In this paper, the main characteristics of marine accidents and rescue of fishing vessels in China are described. Based on a large number of practical cases and field investigation results, this paper discusses the problems existing in the current maritime rescue mechanism in China, including the difficulties in the level of objective administrative system, the difficulties in the subjective consciousness of various subjects, and the difficulties in the aspects of subjective consciousness. The difficulties of the participation of social forces and the legal and material support of salvage services at sea, however, the core of the dilemma lies in the intersection of three-dimensional, crisscross maritime emergency rescue system has not yet taken shape. The coordination of the three main actors of salvage at sea is insufficient, and the division of labor and cooperation between them is deficient. Then, based on the current difficulties in the development of maritime rescue in China, and referring to the experiences of the four countries' maritime search and rescue management mechanism, combined with the theory of government failure and multi-subject cooperation, this paper makes reference to the construction experience of the maritime search and rescue management mechanism of the four countries. First of all, the paper puts forward the construction framework of the rescue mechanism of offshore fishing vessels at sea, taking "full coverage, specialization and socialization as well as multi-source" as the guiding ideology and principle for the construction of diversified main body mechanism. It emphasizes the connection and linkage between government and society, government and fishermen, society and fishermen, and the internal components of government. On this basis, from the angle of the government, the social participation force and the fishing vessel itself, this paper probes into the perfect path of the rescue of the multi-body of the offshore fishing vessel accident at sea. Mainly by improving the timeliness of the government's emergency rescue mechanism at sea, promoting the construction of the social participation mechanism, encouraging the implementation of the self-rescue and mutual rescue work of fishing boats, and forming a kind of government-led and complementary social forces, Based on the individual strength of fishermen, the three systems are intersected and integrated, a scientific rescue system for marine accidents is coordinated and coordinated, and the efficient operation and coordination of emergency response mechanism are strengthened.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D63

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