中国灾难文学及其流变

发布时间：2018-01-13 05:23

本文关键词：中国灾难文学及其流变　出处：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：灾难文学在学界还没有统一的定义。本文所述的灾难文学,是把灾难划定在自然变迁对人类生产、生活的影响这一范围之内来进行研究的。究其本质来说,亦可以称为“灾害”文学。以农业生产为主要模式的中华民族自古就与自然环境和条件有着千丝万缕的联系。自然变迁对中华大地上绵延生息的华夏民族生产生活的影响是十分巨大的。这种影响造成中国文学从远古时期的神话叙事中就已经有了对人与自然之间矛盾的书写。灾难文学来源于灾难历史和灾难意识,植根于中华民族历史之中的灾难意识并不是一成不变的,它伴随着人类生产力的发展,以及文化、政治环境的影响而发生着相应的变化。从神话叙事中两种截然相反的灾难意识——对自然灾难的战无不胜和对自然抗争失败的恐惧开始,到当代文学中生态意识的出现,体现在灾难文学叙事中的灾难意识不断复杂的变化。本文将类同的灾难意识汇总以便更清晰的对灾难文学作品中所体现出的灾难意识进行分类。首先是围绕着人与自然相抗争的成功与否产生了中华民族最初的灾难意识。这种灾难意识随着人类对自然世界越来越客观的认识,逐渐生成了人类面对自然灾难的无奈、恐惧和屈服。而在一些特定的历史环境下,主要受政治因素影响,针对自然灾难所进行的文学书写中所体现的灾难意识,也曾一度出现对人类可以战胜自然的乐观主义,以及极端的“人定胜天”情结的产生。同时,政治意识也促成灾难意识的变异,在一定历史时期中,人类对自然灾难的态度往往夹杂着对政治的倾向性意识。灾难意识的变异不只局限在政治范畴,随着人类对自然有了更客观的认识,现代化带给人类对城市化进程的恐慌、对生活压力的焦虑,也都被倾注在人类的灾难意识当中。随着“人类中心主义”的淡化,人类与自然之间达到了更为平等或平衡的状态。于是,在灾难意识中也渗入了生态意识的萌芽。每个灾难意识的确立,都意味着一个全新灾难叙事中心的产生。从远古时期,围绕人与自然关系的神话书写,到先秦至两汉时期散文中对自然认识的深化和诗化,充满人文色彩的灾难意识贯穿于整个传统社会的诗文之中。这种诗文较少围绕着对自然界的科学理解进行书写,而更多的是体现了对皇权的拥护和对农事的关心。明清小说出现以后,灾难文学写作的叙事中心更趋向于对自然灾难完整的描述。进入近代以后,随着人们对自然和灾难认识的科学性的增强和阶级意识的确立之后,灾难文学书写的叙事中心也变得更加丰富和深刻。本文将这些叙事中心归结为三类:第一,以对自然灾难下劳苦大众的同情和对残酷现实社会的控诉为主要叙事中心。第二,以表达对执政当局的不满为主要叙事中心。第三,以歌颂革命根据地政府破除迷信、生产自救,积极带领当地群众防救自然灾难为主要叙事中心。随着新中国的成立,当代灾难文学书写在“文革”前与“文革”后形成了两个反差较大的叙事中心:一个是在“文革”前,以拥护党的政策为主的叙事中心,这实则是对民国时期革命根据地的灾难叙事中心的延续;另一个是在“文革”后,以唤起民族记忆和个人意识为主的灾难叙事中心。应该说,后者是对中国文学在灾难书写上的弥补。通过对灾难文学书写中所体现出的灾难意识及其叙事中心进行梳理,可以发现中国对灾难文学审美维度的构建,也是明晰灾难文学中所应体现什么样的灾难意识、又该围绕什么样的叙事中心来展开等问题的最佳途径。本文认为灾难的文学化应具备四种审美特质:首先,灾难带给人类最直接的反应就是恐惧,灾难意识正是产生这种恐惧之美中;其次,人与自然相对抗所产生了悲剧之美;再次,在悲剧产生之时,人在对抗自然之力所显示出的伟大创举又具有了崇高之美;最后,在灾难过后,人类对自己家园的重建又显示出了回乡之美。悲剧之美是这四者中的重中之重,并且在其它三重审美意识中也都会对悲剧意识有所体现。中国灾难文学在对悲剧意识的展现中与起源于西方文学中的宗教性悲剧是不同的。通过对比可以看出,中国灾难文学的书写对审美维度的构建应至少基于以下五个特点:1、要重视对悲剧意识的体现;2、要在灾难文学书写中树立起灾难意识;3、要重视生命,展现出对生命意识的关注;4、要勇敢面对自然灾难的残酷,要有直面意识;5、要体现出灾难文学抚慰人类灾后心灵的疗伤作用。任何未来对策和预判都往往是苍白无力的。对灾难文学未来写作走向的预判也同样如此。但作为一种与人类和民族生活、生命休戚相关的当代文学叙事,又必须对中国当代灾难文学的走向做出基本的判断。本文认为灾难文学未来发展首先出现的应该就是生态意识的介入。生态文学与灾难文学将产生大面积的交集,这对灾难文学自身写作是一种冲击也是一种补充,是符合人类世界对生态环境越来越关注的时代氛围的。之后对自然灾难进行书写也会有科幻色彩的介入,这是展示灾难文学所具备的生态意识最好的一种形式。此外,深度书写同样是灾难文学急需的书写形式。它要求当代灾难文学不能只停留在将民族记忆转化为人文记忆这一层面上,也不能停留在即时性情感的抒发和苦难与不幸的描述上。灾难文学的书写需要具有更丰富的审美维度,同时也应该向时间的纵向和空间的横向做更多的延伸。灾难文学还可能揉入某种“新世纪福音”式的宗教哲思情怀,在拯救人类于“末日情结”之中进行安抚和疏导。灾难文学也要面对读图时代的冲击,在展现出文字与图像相抗衡的自身长处的同时,在形式上也会更加多样。
[Abstract]:Disaster literature is no uniform definition in academic circles. The disaster literature, is the natural disaster in the delineation of the change of human production, the influence of life within this range to study. Its essence, also can be called the "disaster" literature. Based on agricultural production mode of the Chinese nation since ancient times, and the natural environment and conditions are inextricably linked. Natural change effect on the interest of the Chinese nation on earth for life and production is very large. The impact of China literature from the mythological narrative in the ancient times has been the contradiction between man and nature. The writing of literature comes from the historical disaster disaster and the disaster consciousness rooted in the history of the Chinese nation in the disaster consciousness is not immutable and frozen, it is accompanied by the development of human productivity and culture, the influence of the political environment and A corresponding change. From the beginning of the two diametrically opposite disaster awareness in the narrative of mythology -- on the natural disaster and the natural struggle invincible fear of failure to appear ecological consciousness in the contemporary literature, reflects the changes in the disaster literature in the narrative of disaster awareness increasingly complex. This paper will summary similar to disaster awareness clearly reflected in the literary works of the disaster disaster awareness are classified. The first is around the human and the nature of struggle and success of the Chinese national consciousness. The initial disaster disaster awareness with the human understanding of the natural world is more and more objective, gradually formed the human face of natural disaster of frustration, fear and yield. In some specific historical circumstances, mainly affected by political factors, reflecting on the natural disaster of literary writing in the disaster consciousness, have a Appears to human can overcome the nature of optimism, and extreme "man can conquer nature" complex. At the same time, the political consciousness also contributed to the variation of disaster awareness, in a certain historical period, the human attitude to natural disasters is often mixed with the tendency of political consciousness. Variation of disaster awareness was not confined to the realm of politics as human beings, have a more objective understanding of the nature, the process of city modernization brings panic, anxiety of life, have been poured into the human disaster consciousness. With "weaken the anthropocentrism", between man and nature to a more equal and balanced state. So, in the disaster consciousness into the seeds of ecological awareness. The establishment of each disaster awareness, means a new disaster narrative center produced. From ancient times, focusing on the relationship between man and nature The myth of writing to the pre Qin to the Han Dynasty prose to deepen the understanding of nature and poetic, humanity and disaster awareness throughout the traditional social poems. This kind of poetry less around on the nature of the scientific understanding of writing, and more is reflected in the support of the imperial power and care for farming. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties novel, narrative writing center disaster literature tends to be more of a complete description of natural disasters. In modern times, with the establishment of awareness of natural disaster and the science of enhancement and class consciousness, the center of disaster literature writing narrative has become more abundant and profound. The narrative centers are classified into three categories. First, in order to sympathizes with the natural disaster and the indictment of the harsh social reality as the main narrative center. Second, in order to express the ruling authorities is not full The main narrative center. Third, to sing the praises of revolution to the production of self-help, superstition, actively lead the local people as the main natural disaster prevention and rescue center. With the establishment of the new narrative China, contemporary disaster literature writing formed two big contrast between the narrative center in the "Cultural Revolution" before and after "Cultural Revolution": one is in the the "Cultural Revolution", in order to support the party's policy of the narrative center, this is actually the continuation of the revolutionary period of the Republic of China according to the disaster narrative center; the other is in the "Cultural Revolution", in order to arouse the national memory and personal consciousness of disaster narrative center. It should be said that the latter is to make up in the Chinese literature on the writing of disaster. Through combing disaster awareness and narrative center reflects the disaster in literary writing, can be found on the construction of disaster literature aesthetic dimension China, is also clear in the disaster literature Should reflect what kind of disaster consciousness, and the best way to focus on what kind of narrative center to expand such problems. The disaster literature should have four aesthetic characteristics: first, disaster brings the most direct response is fear, disaster consciousness is the fear of the United States; secondly, people and the relative resistance generated by the natural beauty of tragedy; again, in a tragedy when people showed great initiative in the fight against the force of nature but also has a lofty beauty; finally, after the disaster, human reconstruction of their homeland and show their beauty. The beauty of tragedy is in the weight of the four, and in the other three aesthetic consciousness will be reflected on the tragedy consciousness. China disaster literature in the tragic consciousness in the show and originated in the western literature and religious tragedy is different. Through the contrast can be seen China, disaster literature writing of the construction of the aesthetic dimension should be based on at least the following five characteristics: 1, attention should be paid to reflect on the tragedy consciousness; 2, to establish disaster awareness in the disaster literature writing; 3, pay attention to life, showing awareness of life concern; 4, to be brave in the face of natural disaster the cruelty to face consciousness; 5, to reflect the disaster literature soothe the human soul after disaster healing. Any future countermeasures and anticipation are often feeble. The disaster literature writing to predict the future is the same. But as a human and national life, contemporary literary narrative life bound together in a common cause that must be China toward contemporary disaster literature make basic judgments. This paper argues that the future development of disaster literature should first appears is the eco conscious intervention. Intersection of ecological literature and literature will have a large area of the disaster, The disaster literature writing is a shock and a supplement, is consistent with the human world more and more attention to the ecological environment of the atmosphere of the times. After the natural disaster of writing will also have a sci-fi intervention, this is a form with ecological consciousness of disaster literature best. In addition, the depth of writing is also in urgent need of disaster literature written form. It requires the contemporary disaster literature can not just stay in the memory of a nation into the cultural memory of this level, can not stay in the instant emotional expression and description of the suffering and misfortune. The disaster literature writing has more abundant aesthetic dimension, should also be to the longitudinal and transverse space and time to do more extension. Disaster literature may also rub into a "new century Gospel" type of religious philosophy in saving human feelings, in the "doomsday complex". In order to comfort and guide, disaster literature should also face the impact of the era of picture reading. It will also show more advantages in form when it shows the strength that words and images are competing against.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：I206

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