英汉植物词语对比研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 13:06

本文关键词： 植物词语认知理据性隐喻文化义语用义　出处：《上海外国语大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：植物与人类的生活、生产密切相关，原本用来指称各种自然植物的名词，除概念意义外，还被附加上了引申义。植物名不仅有助于我们区别植物特征、称谓成千上万的植物，而且经过长期锤炼、代代相传，已经成为日常交际中有助于信息编码和解码的富有民族文化意义的“能指”词。英语和汉语都有丰富的植物词语，它们洗练、形象地反映了英汉民族的文化心理和认知模式，是语言与思维研究的重要途径。本文的观察对象是英汉物名、名词短语、习语、谚语、经典句子及文学语篇中所出现的植物名词，包括专业俗名和多义名词或短语。依据认知语言学、文化语义学和语用学的理论，并参照植物分类学标准，从概念隐喻、范畴化、原型和互动体验、百科知识角度入手，以英汉语相关权威字典、词典及综合性语料库中的植物词语为语料，通过对植物名称的理据性考察、植物词语意义的演变以及英汉植物词语的认知、文化和语用进行宏观和微观层面上的对比，同时对英汉植物词语语义形成和理解的主要因素进行解释及系统总结，深入探讨植物词语隐喻化的认知特征，系统对比英汉植物词语意义、结构的共性和个性。主要的方法是描写与解释互相结合、认知与文化共述其缘，但在对植物俗名理据进行归纳、对英汉植物词语引申义进行综合比较时，也采用归纳和演绎法及统计分析法。研究的目标为：从植物俗名出发，依据整体植物概念和植物构成部分的中心概念词为范畴划分层次结构，分析对比由这些中心词组成的英汉植物词语的认知、文化、语用特点，如词义的词源概貌、概念隐喻与隐喻概念、语法形态特征、组合构词特征，提出“自然名物—类比映射—添加合成—民俗派生”的英汉植物词语的立体认知路径，并在此基础上，描述英汉基本植物词的语言表现和文化印迹，为全面而系统地研究英汉植物词语及其认知和语用差异提供一种新的借鉴。本研究从纵向的线和横向的面对英汉植物词语进行了解析及对比。纵向线的研究包含对植物词语词义生成、概念映射、词义扩大、词义演变、词形组合、文化内涵、语用功能等进行系统归纳分析，横向面的研究主要在纵向的每一个层面上对英语和汉语进行对比总结。依据认知语言学理论，我们认为，植物词语是人类与植物有关的认知活动的产物，是人类生产生活体验所形成文字符号的结果。植物词语的引申义是建立在植物概念隐喻基础之上的，具体的概念是身体与外部世界互动的直接感知的结果，与植物相关的抽象概念则是通过植物概念隐喻构建的。因而，植物俗名和植物词语的引申义本质上属于概念性的，是隐喻的结晶。通过对比，我们发现：植物俗名的理据是人类概念系统的产物，大多数植物名通过具象类比、感官联想获得，植物名词的语言划分与植物学分类无关；植物词语的多义性是人类隐喻性思维与外部客观世界互动的结果，但认知路径呈现扩散辐射的特点；基本义、隐喻义和文化义的形成遵循感官感知、心理感知、文化感知这样一个递进上升的路径。常用植物词语的搭配能力较强、语用广泛，，但英汉具体词语表现不同，且汉语的植物词语搭配更灵活，语法表现更自由；英汉植物词语的共性和差异源于不同的地理环境和民族文化；英汉前10个基本植物词不尽相同，以它们为中心词的词群数量不同、各具特点，汉语的植物词群大于英语。建立在英汉植物词语命名理据、隐喻结构、词源语义、构词特征、词义对应、语用表现、民俗知识系统综合对比之上的语言学研究，其成果不仅有助于了解英汉民族的认知特征，有助于从不同文化角度认识植物词语所体现的文化内涵，而且在英语教学、对外汉语教学、跨文化交际、语言研究等方面都有十分重要的意义。
[Abstract]:Plants and human life, production is closely related to the noun originally used to refer to all kinds of natural plants, in addition to the concept of meaning, also be attached meaning. The name of the plant will not only help us to distinguish the characteristics of plant, appellation tens of thousands of plants, but after long-term exercise, has become a daily communication be handed down from age to age, help information encoding and decoding of the rich ethnic and cultural significance of the "signifier" words. English and Chinese are rich in plant words, they are succinct, reflects the Chinese nation's cultural psychology and cognitive model, is an important way to the study of language and thinking.
This paper studied English and Chinese names, noun phrases, idioms, proverbs, and the classic sentences in literary discourse in terms of plant, including the professional name and polysemous terms or phrases. On the basis of cognitive linguistics, cultural semantics and pragmatics theory, and referring to the plant classification standards of category from the conceptual metaphor. The prototype, and interactive experience, encyclopedic knowledge perspective, in English and Chinese authoritative dictionary, and comprehensive dictionary of plant words in the corpus corpus, based on the botanical name of the rationale of the study, the significance and evolution of plant words in English Chinese plant vocabulary cognition, compare the macro and micro level cultural and pragmatic. At the same time the main factors on the formation of English plant words and understand the semantic interpretation and summary system, in-depth study of cognitive characteristics of plant words metaphorical system, comparison of English and Chinese plant words meaning knot The commonness and individuality of construction. The main method is to combine description and interpretation, cognition and culture were the edge, but in the name of plant to summarize, in Chinese and English plant words meaning comparison, using inductive and deductive method and statistical analysis method.
The objective of the study is: starting from the plant name, according to the overall concept of plant and a plant center concept word part of the category of hierarchical structure, cognitive analysis, Chinese and English plant words by comparing these words consisting of the cultural center, pragmatic features, such as word profile of word meaning, conceptual metaphor and conceptual metaphor, grammatical features, combination morphological characteristics, stereoscopic cognitive path forward "English plant words - the natural analogy mapping - add synthetic - derived folk", and on this basis, the description of English and Chinese basic plant word language expression and cultural imprinting, is a comprehensive and systematic study of English plant words and their cognitive and pragmatic differences provide a new reference.
This study from the vertical line and horizontal face plant were analyzed and compared between English and Chinese words. Research on the longitudinal line includes generating, on plant word concept mapping, extension of meaning, semantic evolution, morphology, cultural connotation and pragmatic functions of the system analysis, the study mainly transverse comparison summary in English and Chinese at every level vertical. The theoretical basis of cognitive linguistics, we believe that the plant words is a product of human cognitive activities associated with the plant, is the production of human life experience formed by symbols. The extended meaning of plant words is built on the basis of the concept of plant metaphor, the specific concept is directly perceived interactivity the body and the outside world, abstract concepts and related plants are constructed by plant metaphor. Therefore, the extended meaning of plants and plant the word " It is essentially conceptual, and it is the crystallization of metaphor.
By contrast, we found that the motivation is the product name of plants of the human conceptual system, most of the plants through figurative analogy, Lenovo acquired language classification and sensory, botanical classification of plant nouns; polysemy plant words metaphorical thought is the result of the interaction and the external world, but the cognitive path has the characteristics of radiation diffusion the basic meaning of the formation; follow the sensory perception, perception of metaphorical meaning and cultural meaning, path of cultural perception such a progressive rise. Collocation ability, pragmatic plant words are widely used, but the English and Chinese specific words and different plant words in Chinese grammar collocation is more flexible, more freedom; plant words in English and Chinese the similarities and differences in the different geographical environment and ethnic culture; 10 former Chinese and English plant words are not the same, with their center word group number Different, each characteristic, Chinese plant word group is larger than English.
The establishment of naming motivation, in Chinese and English plant words metaphor structure, etymology semantics, word formation, semantic correspondence, pragmatic performance, comprehensive analysis on the folk linguistics knowledge system, the results not only help to understand the cognitive features of English and Chinese words, helps the plants know from different cultural perspective of cultural connotation. But in English teaching, foreign language teaching, intercultural communication, are very important aspects of language research.

【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：H313;H136

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