跟语序有关的不对称现象专题研究

发布时间：2018-04-15 06:18

本文选题：不对称 + 肯定　；参考：《上海师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文研究汉语句法上的多元不对称现象，包括语序左右不对称以及肯定否定形式的不对称，主要探讨汉语不对称现象的表现、作用与规律。所讨论的内容主要为差比句不对称系列和数量成分前置不对称系列，包括：1）汉语差比句语序不对称现象；2）定中短语比较项的不对称；3）差比句肯定否定形式的不对称；4）差比句不对称的动因；5）否定式中“一量名”格式的不对称；6）否定式时量成分前置的不对称；7）时量成分前置时虚词的不对称；8）否定式数量成分前置不对称的动因。第一章是绪论。第二章是标记理论简介。标记论跟不对称现象密不可分。文章分析了标记理论的嬗变，指出标记的判定标准影响不对称现象的选取及解释。“频率”可以看作是核心的判定标准，但其解释力应受到限制。最后，指出标记的一些特点，如标记象似性、标记颠倒、标记转移及标记同化。第三章主要剖析前人研究中的不对称现象。前人研究表明，不对称现象包括语义不对称、肯定否定不对称及语序不对称。在总结前人研究的基础上，我们将研究目标锁定为跟语序及肯定否定有关的不对称现象，因为这一类多元不对称现象跟语言中的深层句法因素密切相关。第四至第十一章可分为两个系列，包括差比句不对称系列和否定式数量成分前置系列。其中每一章集中研究一个个案，通过个案的分析探讨语序不对称的某一个具体问题。第四章为差比句中的语序不对称。汉语差比句并未严格遵从类型学差比句研究得出的语言共性。汉语普通话及方言中包含了所有可能存在的差比句语序类型，并且还存在天台话这样比较主体由比较后项充当的特例。汉语普通话差比句的特殊性主要是由于形容词比较结果项必须单独作谓语才能表比较造成的。汉语差比句内部发展不平衡，各种句式存在标记性强弱及使用频率高低的差异，各句式存在典型句式和核心句式的区分。文章还分析了差比句否定式“没有”句和“不比”句，并指出“不比”句为差比句的否定式。第五章为差比句肯定否定式的不对称。肯定式、积极意义形容词的使用频率均高于否定式、消极意义形容词的使用频率；其次，汉语的否定标记位于比较标记前，而非形容词比较结果项前。原因就在于，汉语差比句比较功能主要由无标记的形容词承担，有标记的形容词不能承担比较功能。所以否定词“不”只能否定比较标记，而不能否定比较结果项。第三，差比句肯定否定式存在不对称。差比句肯定式表示线性增量，比较结果项可自由延展；否定式不表示线性增量，比较结果项不能自由延展。这一点也具有语言共性。第六章为差比句比较项为定中短语时的不对称，差比句比较项、领有标记“的”及定中短语语义关系三者都蕴含“整体-部分”义，不同语言对“整体-部分”义具有不同的编码方式，这造成了句式变换上的一系列不对称。类型学的考察证明了定中短语比较项具有“整体-部分”义这一观点，并且为对外汉语教学提供一定的参考。第七章为差比句不对称的动因。母语者和二语学习者差比句式的使用频率存在的差异显示汉语差比句学习难度来自于汉语形容词比较结果项的特殊性。这一特殊性对汉语差比句的语序、否定标记位置、比较标记等均有影响。第八章为否定式中“一量名”语序左右不对称。首先指出，，一量名否定格式中“一量名”意义的分化是语序变化及形式不对称的主要动因。“一量名”左右语序不对称的句法表现为句法构造和论元结构不同、逻辑意义不同、焦点结构和信息结构不同、强调标记“都/也”指向不同；语义表现为量化“个体”和量化“事件”的对立、虚拟量化句和现实行为句的对立。第九章为时量成分前置时的不对称。肯定式中时量成分在动词右侧，否定式中时量成分在动词左侧。时量成分句法位置的变化跟动词界性特征有关系。第十章为时量成分前置时虚词的不对称。以往研究将时量成分中的虚词“就/才”的不对称归结为主观性，本研究指出肯定式中虚词“就/才”和否定式中虚词“都/也”的区分主要受到动词界性特征的影响。第十一章为否定式时量成分不对称的深层动因。时量成分左前移受到句法深层因素的影响，也受到历史语料的支持；另一方面时量成分左前移跟连动式表达的经济性有关，属于语用挤压的结果。第十二章为结束语。
[Abstract]:In this paper , we study the multi - element asymmetry phenomena in Chinese syntax , including the asymmetry of the order left and right and the unsymmetry of the positive negative form , and mainly discuss the expression , function and law of the asymmetry phenomenon in Chinese .
2 ) the asymmetry of the comparison term in the definite medium phrase ;
3 ) the difference is definitely negative form of asymmetry ;
4 ) the reason of the asymmetry of the difference ratio ;
5 ) the asymmetry of the format of " an amount name " in the negative expression ;
6 ) the asymmetry of the pre - posed amount component of the negative time quantity component ;
7 ) the asymmetry of the imaginary word at the front of the time quantity component ;
8 ) Negative quantity component preposed asymmetrical driver .

The first chapter is Introduction .

The second chapter is a brief introduction to the labeling theory . The marker theory is inseparable from the asymmetry phenomenon . The paper analyzes the evolution of the marking theory , points out that the criterion of the marker affects the selection and interpretation of the asymmetry phenomenon . The frequency can be regarded as the core criterion of determination , but its explanatory power should be limited . Finally , some characteristics of the mark , such as mark iconicity , mark inversion , mark transfer and mark assimilation are pointed out .

In the third chapter , the asymmetry phenomenon in the previous studies is mainly analyzed . The former studies show that the asymmetry phenomena include semantic asymmetry , positive negative asymmetry and dissymmetry . On the basis of summarizing the previous studies , we will study the asymmetry of the target lock as the word order and the positive negation , because the multi - element asymmetry phenomenon is closely related to the deep syntactic factors in the language .

The fourth to eleventh chapters can be divided into two series , including the series of differential sentences and negative quantity components . Each chapter focuses on a case , and discusses a specific problem of the dissymmetry of the order through the analysis of the case .

This paper also analyzes the differences between the sentence patterns and the core periods , and points out that the difference is negative than that of the sentence .

The fifth chapter is positive and negative . Positive , positive adjective usage frequency is higher than negative , negative adjective usage frequency ;
Second , the negative marker of Chinese is located before the comparison mark , and the non - adjective is compared with the result item . The reason is that the comparison function of the Chinese difference sentence is mainly borne by unmarked adjectives , and the adjective cannot bear the comparison function . Therefore , the negative word " does not " only deny the comparison mark , but can not deny the comparison result item . Thirdly , the difference is positive for the linear increment , and the comparison result item can be extended freely ;
A negative expression does not represent a linear increment , and the comparison result item cannot be extended freely . This is also common in language .

In the sixth chapter , the comparison of the difference between the sentence and the sentence , the comparison of the difference , the comparison of the difference , the semantic relation between the " whole - part " and the " whole - part " in different languages have different coding modes , which leads to a series of asymmetry in the sentence transformation . The study of typologies proves that the term comparison item has a " whole - part " sense , and provides a certain reference for the teaching of the foreign language .

Chapter 7 is the motivation for the difference between Chinese and L2 learners . The differences between native speakers and L2 learners show that the difficulty of learning Chinese is more difficult than that of Chinese adjective . This particularity has an influence on the order , negative mark position , comparative mark and so on .

Chapter 8 is negative in the negative form of " an amount of name " . First of all , it is pointed out that the differentiation of the meaning of " an amount " in a negative format is the main cause of the change of word order and the form asymmetry . The syntax expression of " one quantity name " is different from the syntactic structure and the meta structure , the logic significance is different , the focus structure and the information structure are different , and the emphasis mark " all / also " points to different ;
Semantic representation is the opposite of quantifying " individual " and quantifying " event " , virtual quantising sentence and reality behavior sentence .

Chapter 9 is the asymmetry in the front of the time quantity component . In the affirmative , the quantity component is on the right side of the verb , and the time quantity component in the negative formula is on the left side of the verb . The change of the syntactic position of the time quantity component is related to the characteristic of the verb .

Chapter X is the asymmetry of the imaginary word in the front of the time quantity component . In the past research , the insymmetry of the imaginary words in the time quantity component is regarded as subjective , and it is pointed out that the distinction between the false words in the positive type and the negative type of the imaginary word " all / also " is mainly influenced by the boundary character of the verb .

Chapter 11 is the deep dynamic cause of the asymmetry of the quantity component in the negative time . The left front shift of the time quantity component is influenced by the syntactic and deep factors , and is also supported by the historical corpus ;
On the other hand , the left front shift of the quantity component is related to the economy of the interlocking expression , and belongs to the result of pragmatic extrusion .

Chapter XII is a concluding language .

【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

【参考文献】