传统书院的“全人教育”与现代大学的建立

发布时间：2018-05-03 13:27

本文选题：中国书院 + 书院教育　；参考：《高教发展与评估》2017年02期

【摘要】：“大学的本质是什么?”这个问题必须放在大学之“存在”的背景中来谈,先从中国传统的书院教育谈起。西周时代的中国教育掌握在贵族阶级之手,孔子将“王官学”转变成为“百家言”,开民间讲学之先河。公元第10世纪以后,民间书院兴起,但也出现被官学化的倾向。官方力量对于中国传统教育的影响,是从先秦时代的民间讲学到汉代的官学、宋明的书院,都有官学化的倾向。传统书院的教育理念是“全人教育”,希望使人能达到“身心一如”、“成己成人不二”、“天人合一”的状态。谈到“身心一如”,我们要思考的问题是“心”何以能支配“身”?古代儒家相信“心”是价值意识的创发者,因此具有普遍性,也有其必然性。孟子提出恻隐、羞恶、辞让、是非之心,这“四端之心”具有普遍性,而“心”的必然性就是建立在普遍性之上。在古代的全人教育里,“心”的觉醒是全人教育的理论基础。重点是:“心”如何支配“身”?“心”对“身”的支配要经由教育的过程,这就涉及人的修养工夫问题,全人教育的方法在使“身”受“心”的支配,进而能与“心”合一。书院教育的“全人教育”的第二个核心理念是“成己成人不二”。所谓“成己成人不二”的涵义是指教育的目的在于透过“自我的转化”以完成“世界的转化”。书院教育的“全人教育”的第三个价值理念是“天人合一”。“天人合一”是指完整的“全人教育”应该完成人的生命“知”、“情”、“意”三面向的统合。孟子主张:无形的修养会转化在有形的躯体之上。就是说人外在的相貌是天生的,但只有圣人也就是真正有修养的人,才能够将内在的禀赋转化到外在形体上,从“身心一如”进而达到“天人合一”的境界。19世纪中叶以后,西方列强东侵,中国进入历史危急存亡之秋,中国大陆兴办现代西式大学是为了脱离被侵略、被殖民的宿命,也因此,现代大学和政治发展有着密切的关系。20世纪中国的大学“学生运动”风起云涌,这与近代海峡两岸高等教育在富国强兵、中体西用的情境中发展有密不可分的关系。今天中国大陆已告别革命,海峡两岸也已加入“世界贸易组织”(WTO),并卷入全球化的大潮流中,因此,21世纪全球化趋势对海峡两岸大学造成另一波新的压力,已是不可避免的事实。
[Abstract]:"what is the nature of a university?" This problem must be discussed in the context of the existence of universities, starting with the traditional Chinese academy education. Chinese education in the Western Zhou Dynasty was grasped in the hands of the aristocratic class. Confucius turned "Wang Guanxue" into "a hundred schools of thought", leading the folk lecture. After the 10 th century AD, folk academies rose, but also appeared the tendency of official learning. The influence of official power on Chinese traditional education is from the folk lectures in the pre-Qin period to the official studies in the Han Dynasty and the academies of Song Ming. The traditional college's educational idea is "whole person education", hoping to make people achieve "body and mind like", "growing up as adults" and "harmony of nature and man". When it comes to "body and mind like", the question we have to think about is how can "the mind" dominate the "body"? Ancient Confucianism believed that the mind was the originator of value consciousness, so it had universality and inevitability. Mencius put forward compassion, shame, resignation, the heart of right and wrong, this "heart of the four ends" is universal, and the inevitability of "heart" is based on universality. In the ancient whole-person education, the awakening of the mind is the theoretical basis of the whole-person education. The point is: how does the mind dominate the body? The mind dominates the body through the process of education, which involves the cultivation of human beings. The method of whole-person education is to make the body subject to the control of the mind and then to be integrated with the mind. The second core idea of the whole-person education in college education is that adults are not equal to each other. The meaning of "adult adult" means that the purpose of education is to complete the "transformation of the world" through "self-transformation". The third value concept of "whole person education" of college education is "the unity of nature and man". "the unity of nature and man" refers to the integration of "knowing", "feeling" and "meaning" of human life. Mencius claims: intangible cultivation will be transformed into the physical body. That is to say, the outward appearance of a person is born, but only the sage, that is, the truly cultured person, can transform his inherent endowment into the external body, from "body and mind" to the realm of "harmony of nature and man." after the mid-19th century, Western powers invaded the east and China entered a historical crisis of survival and death. Mainland China set up modern western universities in order to break away from the fate of being invaded and colonized, and therefore, There is a close relationship between modern universities and political development. The "student movement" of Chinese universities in the 20th century is surging, which is inextricably related to the development of higher education across the Taiwan Strait in the context of rich country and strong soldiers and the use of Chinese and western countries. Today, the Chinese mainland has bid farewell to the revolution, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have joined the "World Trade Organization" and become involved in the trend of globalization. Therefore, the trend of globalization in the 21st century has created another new wave of pressure on universities on both sides of the strait. It is an inevitable fact.
【作者单位】：台湾大学人文社会高等研究院;
【分类号】：G40-09

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