二战前后美国大学化学学科的快速崛起及其影响因素探析

发布时间：2018-07-29 13:51

【摘要】：二战前后是美国大学化学学科由弱至强、走向全面繁荣并确立世界化学学术中心地位的重要时期。至少在20世纪30年代以前,国际学术界公认的化学学术中心仍处于欧洲,特别是德国大学长期在化学领域保持领军地位。然而自20世纪30年代起,世界化学学术中心便开始了从德国大学向美国大学的转移历程。美国大学通过广泛延揽人才、改革学科发展的组织管理、强化人才培养等举措,到20世纪50年代实现了对德国大学的超越,成为新的世界化学学术中心。二战前后美国大学化学学科的快速崛起是内外多方面因素共同作用的结果。就外部因素而言,这一时期纳粹德国流亡化学家群体的涌入、美国化学学会的积极推动以及联邦政府和社会力量的共同支持,都为美国大学化学学科的崛起提供了良好的外部氛围;就内部因素而言,美国大学对化学学科发展特别是教育目标的适时调整,以及关键人物和化学家群体的共同促动,为美国大学化学学科的快速崛起提供了充分条件。美国大学化学学科在短短的二三十年间实现了向世界一流学科的跨越,其快速崛起历程,尤其是这一历程背后的内外部影响因素,对正在积极推动世界一流大学和一流学科建设的我国而言不乏借鉴价值。
[Abstract]:Before and after World War II, the chemistry discipline of American universities changed from weak to strong, and it became an important period for the overall prosperity and the establishment of the status of the world chemistry academic center. Until at least the 1930s, the recognized centre of chemistry in international academia remained in Europe, especially German universities, which had long been leading in the field of chemistry. However, since the 1930s, the World Center for Chemistry has been moving from German universities to American universities. By the way of extensively recruiting talents, reforming the organization and management of discipline development and strengthening the cultivation of talents, American universities have surmounted the German universities by the 1950s and become the new world center of chemistry. The rapid rise of chemistry in American universities before and after World War II was the result of a combination of internal and external factors. In terms of external factors, the influx of exiled chemists in Nazi Germany during this period, the active promotion of the American Chemical Society and the joint support of the federal government and social forces, Both provide a good external atmosphere for the rise of American universities in chemistry. In terms of internal factors, American universities have adjusted the development of chemistry, especially the educational objectives, and promoted the collective movement of key people and chemists. It provides sufficient conditions for the rapid rise of chemistry in American universities. In a short period of 20 to 30 years, the chemistry discipline of American universities has achieved a leap forward to a world-class discipline, and its rapid rise, especially the internal and external factors behind this process, There is no lack of reference value for our country which is actively promoting the construction of world-class universities and first-class disciplines.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G649.712;O6-4

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