中西部农村学校食堂卫生问题与对策的定性研究

发布时间：2018-05-23 16:27

本文选题：中西部 + 农村学校　；参考：《复旦大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 学校教育是多数儿童成长的必经之路。儿童少年将在学校度过其人生中关键的十几年,他们的身体和心智尚未发育成熟,易受到周围环境的影响,特别是学校卫生,其环境状况的好坏会对学生的身体和心智发育产生直接影响。学校食品卫生是保证学生身心健康和正常发育的基本条件之一。学生的饮食安全不仅可以保障学生的身体正常发育,也可以有效防止肠道传染性疾病在学校内的发生和流行。食堂环境、建筑设备卫生是学校卫生工作的主要内容之一,是创建安全、健康校园的重要保证,是保证广大学生在校健康成长的前提条件之一。目前关于学校食堂研究多是集中在城区食堂的现况调查,关于农村学校食堂卫生状况的报道较少,而针对中西部农村学校食堂卫生现况的全面系统的研究尚未见报道;面向食堂卫生管理者的定性访谈研究更未见报道。为更好地了解农村学校食堂卫生管理现况及存在的问题与困难,了解目前农村学校食堂建筑、设施卫生现况,我们对中西部农村学校进行本次调研。目的了解各级食堂卫生管理领导对农村学校食堂卫生管理现状的看法、食堂卫生存在的主要问题及改善食堂卫生状况的建议;了解学校的需求和相关政府部门学校食堂卫生工作的开展情况;了解中西部农村学校食堂建筑、基本卫生设施现状,为今后制定适合农村学校食堂的卫生管理法规提供依据,从而进一步提高中西部农村学校食堂管理水平,改善食堂卫生状况,保障广大在校学生的身体健康。方法以中西部农村学校为研究对象,采用分层抽样法,根据各省市经济状况、降水量的分布以及地理位置等综合考虑,在中、西部地区各抽取三省,然后再从每个被抽取的省(直辖市或自治区)各选择两个县(一个是省会城市郊区县,另一个为处于本省经济发展中等水平的县);每个县抽取两所小学、两所初中、两所高中,其中一所是位于县城的学校,另一所是位于乡镇的学校。共走访中西部6个省市12个县级市的72所农村学校。其中,每省访谈1名省级教育主管或分管学校食堂卫生的领导;每县市访谈1名县级教育主管或分管学校食堂卫生的领导;每所学校访谈1名学校主管或分管食堂卫生的领导。领导访谈内容包括:学校食堂卫生管理现状及存在的问题和原因;改善食堂卫生现况的办法和建议等。同时现场实地观察学校的食堂建筑、卫生设施和环境卫生条件等,以自行设计的问卷记录观察结果。访谈资料及时转录,整理为文字资料,然后根据主题框架法,确定分析主题,借助Maxqda2.0软件,对资料进行编码、归纳、分析主题。现场观察所获的问卷资料借助Epidata3.0、SPSS11.5统计软件整理分析和统计处理。结果 1.学校领导访谈结果:农村学校有设立食堂的需求;多数学校领导倾向食堂由学校自主经营,认为学校自主经营优点多;学校领导认为开办食堂必须持有卫生许可证和从业人员健康证;学校领导缺乏食品相关卫生知识培训,相关食堂卫生管理法规知晓率不高,领导有接受学校食堂卫生管理知识培训的需求;学校食堂存在的主要问题是管理水平不高、食品采购索证制度不完善、从业人员素质较低、学生营养不合理等;多数领导认为现有食堂卫生管理办法的硬件要求高于农村学校的实际办学能力。 2.教育主管领导认为是否建立农村学校食堂需要根据农村学校学生在校就餐的需求;关于学校食堂经营模式,教育领导认为学校自主经营比较好,但也不能否认承包经营的优点与长处;教育领导反映辖区内食堂卫生许可证持有率较低,最低仅30%左右;与卫生许可证相比,从业人员健康证持有率较高;相关食堂卫生法规知晓率高;教育部门经常组织针对学校领导食品卫生知识的培训;建议对农村学校食堂施行分级管理、将食堂建设纳入学校的整体规划,做好食堂的预防性卫生学审查工作,保证新建和改建食堂的选址和布局符合卫生标准;结合当地生活饮食习惯,制定合理的中小学生营养指南;建议制定适合农村地区的食堂管理办法等。 3.基础硬件设施及从业人员卫生习惯研究结果:半数以上的农村学校食堂内外环境较差:55.74%食堂内部布局不合理。食堂基础硬件设施不完善:仅47.54%的食堂设有有效的三防设施。食品原材料贮存场所卫生较好:83.61%的学校食堂设有专门的食品原料贮存场所,73.77%的食品贮存场所卫生清洁。食堂从业人员个人卫生习惯差:不到30%的从业人员规范佩戴口罩和帽子。结论目前农村学校食堂卫生现状不尽人意。农村学校食堂存在的主要问题是管理水平较低、从业人员素质较低、硬件设施不完善、学生营养不合理等。建议有关政府部门加大学校食堂卫生法规的宣传,定期组织对食堂管理者的培训,提高食堂管理者的法律意识和管理水平:加大对从业人员的培训,提高从业人员的卫生意识和责任意识;加大对学校食堂的资金投入,设立食堂专项资金,积极改善农村学校食堂的基础卫生硬件设施状况;卫生监督部门定期对学校食堂工作进行监督和指导,并联合相关部门共同做好学校食堂卫生工作。
[Abstract]:School education is the only way for most children to grow. Children and adolescents will spend their life in school for more than ten years. Their body and mind are not mature, they are vulnerable to the influence of the surrounding environment, especially school health. Their environmental conditions will have a direct impact on the physical and mental development of the students. Health is one of the basic conditions to ensure the physical and mental health and normal development of students. The dietary safety of students can not only protect the normal development of the students' bodies, but also effectively prevent the occurrence and popularity of infectious diseases in the school. The environment of the canteen and the health of the building equipment are one of the main contents of the school health work, and it is to create the safety of the school. The important guarantee of healthy campus is one of the prerequisites for ensuring the healthy growth of the majority of students.
At present, most of the research on school canteens is concentrated on the current situation of the urban cafeteria. There are few reports about the hygienic status of the school canteens in the rural areas, while the comprehensive and systematic study of the health status of the school canteens in the rural areas of the central and Western China has not been reported. Village school canteen health management and problems and difficulties, understanding the current rural school canteen buildings, facilities health status, we conducted this investigation in the central and western rural schools.
objective
Understand the views of the leaders of the canteens at all levels on the current status of the health management in the rural school canteens, the main problems in the canteen health and the suggestions for improving the health status of the canteens, the needs of the schools and the development of the relevant government department's school canteen health work, and the understanding of the basic sanitary facilities in the rural school canteens in the western and western parts of the country. It provides a basis for the formulation of health management regulations suitable for rural school canteens in the future, so as to further improve the management level of school canteens in the middle and western rural schools, improve the hygienic condition of the canteen and ensure the health of the students in the school.
Method
Taking the rural schools in the central and western regions as the research object, the stratified sampling method is adopted to consider the economic status of the provinces and cities, the distribution of the precipitation and the geographical location. In the middle and the west, three provinces are selected from the western regions, and then from each selected province (municipality or autonomous region) two counties (one is the suburb county of the provincial capital city, the other is located. " There are two primary schools, two junior middle schools and two high schools in each county, of which one is in the county school and the other is in the township school. A total of 72 rural schools in 12 County cities in 6 provinces and cities in the Midwest are interviewed. Among them, 1 provincial education supervisors or school canteens are in charge of each province. Leaders of 1 county-level education supervisors in each county or in charge of school canteen health leaders; each school interviewed 1 school supervisors or leaders in charge of canteen hygiene. Leadership interviews included the status of the school cafeteria health management and the existing problems and reasons; methods and suggestions to improve the present condition of the cafeteria. Inspection of the school's canteen buildings, sanitation facilities and environmental hygiene conditions were observed by a self-designed questionnaire. The interview materials were transcribed in time and arranged into text data. Then the theme was determined by the subject framework method, and the data were coded, summed up, and analyzed with the help of Maxqda2.0 software. The questionnaire data obtained from the field observation were borrowed. Help Epidata3.0, SPSS11.5 statistical software analysis and statistical processing.
Result
1. the result of the interview with the leadership of the school: the needs of the canteens in the rural schools; the majority of the school leaders tend to be operated by the school independently. The school leaders think that the cafeteria must hold the health license and the health certificate of the employees; the school leaders lack the training of food related health knowledge and the related canteen hygiene. The awareness rate of management laws and regulations is not high, leading to the needs of the school canteen health management knowledge training. The main problems in the school canteen are the poor management level, the imperfect food procurement system, the low quality of the employees, and the unreasonable nutrition of the students, and the majority leaders have recognized the hardware requirements of the existing canteen health management methods as higher than the requirements. The actual ability to run schools in rural schools.
2. the leaders of the education leaders believe that the establishment of a rural school canteen needs to be based on the needs of the students in the rural schools. On the model of the school canteen management, the educational leaders believe that the school's independent management is better, but it can not deny the advantages and advantages of the contracted management, and the educational leadership reflects the low possession rate of the sanitary licences in the canteens in the jurisdiction. The lowest is only about 30%; compared with the health license, the holding rate of health certificate of the employees is higher; the awareness rate of relevant canteen hygiene regulations is high; the education department regularly organizes the training of the food hygiene knowledge of the school leaders; recommends the classification management of the school canteens in the rural school, the construction of the canteen into the overall planning of the school and the prevention of the canteen. To ensure the location and layout of the new and rebuilt canteen, the site and layout of the new and rebuilt canteen are in conformity with the hygienic standard, and a reasonable guide for the primary and middle school students is formulated in combination with the local living and eating habits, and the management of canteens suitable for the rural areas is proposed.
3. research results of basic hardware facilities and employees' health habits: more than half of the rural school canteens have a poor internal and external environment: the layout of the 55.74% canteens is not reasonable. The basic hardware facilities of the canteen are not perfect: only 47.54% of the canteens have effective three defense facilities. The storage places of food raw materials are good: 83.61% of the school canteens have special specialties. The food storage places, 73.77% of the food storage places are sanitary and clean. The personal hygiene habits of the canteen employees are poor: less than 30% of the employees are wearing masks and hats.
conclusion
The main problems in the rural school canteens are the low management level, the low quality of the employees, the poor hardware facilities and the unreasonable nutrition of the students. It is suggested that the government departments should increase the publicity of the school canteen hygiene regulations, organize regular training for the canteen administrators, and improve the canteen. The legal consciousness and management level of the manager: increase the training of the employees, improve the health consciousness and responsibility consciousness of the employees, increase the investment in the school canteen, set up the special fund of the canteen, and actively improve the basic sanitary and hardware facilities of the rural school canteen; the health supervision department regularly carries out the work of the school canteen. Supervision and guidance, and joint departments to do a good job in the school canteen hygiene work.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：R155.5

【引证文献】