尼采道德思想的当代教育价值初探

发布时间：2018-02-27 05:30

本文关键词： 善恶罪孽禁欲主义奴隶道德主人道德权力意志超人　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在尼采看来，现代社会的人们普遍坚信“善人”的价值比“恶人”的价值更高，认为道德是毋庸置疑的，从没有想过要去质疑道德。尼采作为一个“不合时宜者”，反对人们的这种普遍看法。他认为当今道德成了一种权威，并对这种权威道德进行质疑问难，提出了“价值是什么，价值判断的标准如何，善与恶该怎样评断？”等诸多问题。同时，尼采还针对当今道德价值提出了一连串相反的假设：如果“善”中包含着倒退的征兆，包含着危险，现实为此付出了未来的代价，其结果会发生怎样的变化？如果人类自身永远无法到达可能到达的最高的强盛和壮观，造成这种状况的主要根源是否在于道德的过失？尼采质疑道德，深挖道德的根基，对道德进行了谱系学研究。在研究过程中，尼采批判了道德史家们对道德的普遍看法，认为他们针对道德起源所探讨的内容只是拙劣地确定了“善”的概念起源和判断起源，其关于“善”的价值判断起源的假设是没有历史持久性的。同时，尼采重视原始的文献资料，从词源学的角度研究道德的起源，提出了与道德史家们截然不同的看法。他阐述了“善”在其起源与发展过程中被人们所曲解的历程，指出“善”的价值最初起源于古代贵族，即高贵者们认为自身才是“善人”，而不是那些“受善”的人，并且高贵者们的“善”有着简单而又独特的等级差别标准。在历史的发展变化中，贵族走向了衰亡，而僧侣阶层特别是犹太人的基督教由于自身的无能，滋生出仇恨，企图彻底改变“贵族”这一敌人的价值观，从而使“贵族”向自己妥协让步，结果他们彻底改变了高贵者的价值方程式（善=高贵=权势=美丽=幸福=神圣），形成了当今的道德价值，即“惟有苦难者才是善人”。尼采研究道德的谱系时指出贵族的价值方程式遭到了曲解与摧毁，“善”与“恶”的价值出现了颠倒，现代道德存在危险。同时，尼采也阐述了他的主人道德与奴隶道德这两种道德类型与原则，并对以往一切道德进行了重估。他认为自柏拉图以来的理想主义道德及以基督教道德为代表的现代道德是软弱的颓废的道德，是奴隶道德，应该受到批判与摒弃，主张建立一种具有生命力的勇敢的强健的主人道德。权力意志作为一种生命意志是主人道德的内核，“超人”的气质则是主人道德的外在形象，主要表现为肯定自我的生命意志，主张自我赠予，倡导自我超越。在重估以往一切价值的基础上，，尼采指出现代道德及道德教育是一种权威与专制，导致了人们的软弱与虚伪，提倡建立一种肯定自我生命意志，自我超越的道德教育思想。这种道德思想虽然有些惊世骇俗，但对个人的自我成长与自我教育都有着极其重要的价值和意义。
[Abstract]:In Nietzsche's view, there is a general belief in modern society that the value of "good" is higher than that of "evil", and that morality is beyond doubt. Never thought of questioning morality. Nietzsche, as an "anachronist," objected to this general view. He thought that morality today had become an authority, and questioned that it was difficult to question it and put forward "what is the value?" What is the standard of value judgment and how should good and evil be judged? "and so on. At the same time, Nietzsche puts forward a series of opposite hypotheses about the moral values of today: if" good "contains signs of retrogression and danger, reality pays the price of the future. How will the outcome change? If human beings themselves are never able to reach the highest possible strength and grandeur, is the main cause of this situation due to moral negligence? Nietzsche questioned morality, dug deep into the foundation of morality, and studied the genealogy of morality. In the course of his research, Nietzsche criticized the general views of moral historians on morality. It is considered that the content they have explored in relation to the origin of morality is only a clumsy definition of the conceptual origin of "good" and the origin of judgment, and its hypothesis about the origin of value judgment of "good" is of no historical permanence. Nietzsche attached importance to the original literature, studied the origin of morality from the perspective of etymology, and put forward different views from the moral historians. He expounded the course of "goodness" being misinterpreted by people in its origin and development. It is pointed out that the value of "goodness" originated from the ancient aristocrats, that is, the noble people regarded themselves as "good people" rather than those who "received good". And the "goodness" of the noble has a simple and unique standard of hierarchy. In the course of historical development, the nobles are dying, and the clergy, especially the Jewish Christianity, breed hatred because of their own incompetence. Attempting to completely change the values of the enemy of the "aristocracy", so that the "nobles" would compromise to themselves, As a result, they completely changed the equation of value of the noble (goodness = nobility = power = beauty = happiness = holiness), forming the moral value of the present day, that is, "only the suffering is the good". When Nietzsche studied the pedigree of morality, he pointed out that the aristocratic equation of value had been misinterpreted and destroyed, the values of "good" and "evil" had been reversed, and modern morality was in danger. Nietzsche also expounded the two types and principles of his master morality and slave morality. He thought that the idealistic morality since Plato and the modern morality represented by Christian morality were weak and decadent morality, slave morality and should be criticized and rejected. The author advocates the establishment of a brave and strong master's morality with vitality. As a kind of life will, the will of power is the core of the moral of the master, and the temperament of "superman" is the external image of the moral of the master, which is mainly manifested in the life will of affirming oneself. On the basis of revaluing all the values of the past, Nietzsche pointed out that modern moral and moral education is an authority and autocracy, leading to weakness and hypocrisy, and advocating the establishment of an affirmative will for life. Although this kind of moral thought is somewhat shocking, it is of great value and significance to personal self-growth and self-education.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G410;B516.47

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