对学校教育中惩罚的理性思考

发布时间：2018-10-24 10:33

【摘要】：自人类产生开始,惩罚就存在于社会生活的各个领域,教育领域也不例外。古今中外的教育思想、教育制度、教育实践都与惩罚有着密切的联系。事实上,不管人们是持赞成态度还是持反对态度,作为一种教育手段,惩罚一直在被教师“或多或少、或明或暗”地使用着。长期以来,国内外关于教育惩罚的研究为数不少。但专家们高屋建瓴的理论多少存在学术术语罗列之嫌,缺少教育的实际经验和必要的调查研究;教育工作者多为经验总结式的论述,缺乏原理层面的分析和具体细致的操作层面的研究。而且理论界在提到教育惩罚的适度性问题时,往往偏向于把问题绝对化。对“合理的教育惩罚”,只提它的教育意义,而回避它对学生造成的伤害;当提到“体罚”时,则只提它对学生造成的伤害,闭口不谈它对学生的教育意义。本研究基于学校教育管理过程中惩罚存在的问题及其原因,在理论的指导下,对教育惩罚的合理性、可操作性进行比较全面、系统的分析,在实践上探求运用教育惩罚的合理有效措施。通过研究试图建立这样的观点,不论是一般意义上适度的教育惩罚,还是体罚,从惩罚的内涵来讲,都对学生有教育意义,也都会对学生造成伤害。在运用教育惩罚时,需要考虑的是怎样最大限度地“趋利避害”。不允许体罚,并非是它不具有教育意义,而是由于它“弊大于利”。并从“趋利避害”的角度来探讨教育惩罚的策略,为提高教师的班级管理能力提供了良好的着眼点,在实践上具有可操作性和长效性。论文首先结合相关法律法规,在查阅大量资料的基础上,对“惩罚”、“体罚”和“变相体罚”等概念进行了明确的界定;然后分为四个部分来对学校中的教育惩罚问题进行分析和探讨。第一部分从心理学、教育学的角度分析惩罚之于教育的必要性,对学校教育中的惩罚实践给以理论支撑。第二部分通过对教育惩罚的现状进行分析,从法律法规、学校规则、教师实施三个维度归纳出目前学校在实施教育惩罚时存在的问题。第三部分对我国学校教育惩罚中存在的问题进行归因分析。第四部分针对前面的论述、分析,提出了改进思路,在操作层面上,建构了包括社会、学校、教师三方面在内的应该采取的具体实施策略。从社会的层面讲,应尽快完善教育法规,正确把握舆论导向;从学校的层面讲,要制定合理的校规校纪并科学地执行,加强对教师的培训,并注意协调各方关系;从教师的层面讲,要不断增强职业素质,提高管理艺术,对教师实施惩罚应遵循的原则进行了探索,从“趋利避害”的角度,提出了合法的原则、教育性原则、必要性原则、合理性原则、尊重性原则等五大原则。
[Abstract]:Since the birth of mankind, punishment has existed in all fields of social life, education is no exception. Chinese and foreign educational thought, educational system and educational practice are closely related to punishment. In fact, whether people are in favor or not, as a means of education, punishment has been used "more or less, or implicitly," by teachers. For a long time, there are many researches on the punishment of education at home and abroad. However, the theory of experts at a strategic height is somewhat characterized by a listing of academic terms, the lack of practical experience in education and the necessary investigation and research. Lack of theoretical level of analysis and specific and detailed operational level of research. Moreover, when the academic circle talks about the moderation of educational punishment, it tends to turn the problem into absolute. To "reasonable educational punishment", only mention its educational significance, but avoid its harm to students; when referring to "corporal punishment", only mention its harm to students, shut up talk about its educational significance to students. Based on the problems and causes of punishment in the course of school education management, this study, under the guidance of theory, makes a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the rationality and maneuverability of educational punishment. In practice to explore the use of education punishment reasonable and effective measures. Through the research attempt to establish such a view, whether in the general sense of appropriate education punishment, or corporal punishment, from the connotation of punishment, all students have educational significance, but also will cause harm to students. When applying the punishment of education, we should consider how to maximize the advantage and avoid the harm. Corporal punishment is not allowed because it is not educational, but because it does more harm than good. From the angle of "seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages", this paper probes into the strategy of education punishment, which provides a good starting point for improving teachers' ability of class management, and is feasible and effective in practice. Firstly, combining with the relevant laws and regulations, on the basis of consulting a great deal of data, this paper clearly defines the concepts of "punishment", "corporal punishment" and "disguised corporal punishment". Then it is divided into four parts to analyze and discuss the problem of educational punishment in school. The first part analyzes the necessity of punishment in education from the angle of psychology and pedagogy, and gives theoretical support to the practice of punishment in school education. The second part through the analysis of the current situation of education punishment, from the laws and regulations, school rules, teacher implementation of three dimensions to sum up the current school in the implementation of educational punishment problems. The third part analyzes the problems existing in the punishment of school education in China. The fourth part aims at the above exposition, analyzes, has proposed the improvement thought, in the operational level, has constructed including the society, the school, the teacher three aspects should adopt the concrete implementation strategy. From the social level, we should improve the educational laws and regulations as soon as possible, and correctly grasp the guidance of public opinion; from the school level, we should formulate reasonable school rules and regulations and implement them scientifically, strengthen the training of teachers, and pay attention to the coordination of the relations between the parties; From the perspective of teachers, we should constantly enhance professional quality, improve management art, explore the principles that teachers should follow in the implementation of punishment, and put forward the legal principle, educational principle and necessity principle from the angle of "seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages". The principle of rationality and the principle of respect are five principles.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：G40

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