延安小杂粮产业发展及对策研究

发布时间：2018-03-16 20:17

本文选题：延安　切入点：小杂粮　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：小杂粮是小宗粮食作物的俗称,泛指生育期短、种植规模小、地域性强、种植方法特殊、有特种用途的多种小宗粮豆作物。主要包括杂粮类(糜谷类、荞麦类、青稞和燕麦等)、杂豆类(如黑豆、黄豆、鹰嘴豆、芸豆、蚕豆、豌豆)、小薯类(甘薯)和小油料类(紫苏、芸芥)作物。因其耐旱耐瘠薄,适应性强,籽实营养丰富,医食同源且耐贮藏,迄今为止,一直是延安地区重要的粮食作物和关键的“生态作物”,对满足当地的粮食需求、控制水土流失和减少土壤侵蚀具有不可替代的地位。小杂粮是陕北地区的传统作物,当地农民自古就有种植小杂粮的习惯,且分布广泛,具有生产优势;延安土地广阔,土层深厚,光照充足,昼夜温差大,降雨集中,具有区域优势;延安地区工业不发达小杂粮生长区域无重工业、环境污染小,种植过程中化肥施用量少、几乎不使用农药,具有品质优势。目前,延安地区的小宗粮食作物主要包括谷子、糜子、绿豆、黑豆、豇豆、红小豆、芸豆、荞麦等,是当地的传统粮食作物和主要的经济作物,具有明显的地理优势和产业优势,对实现延安地区粮食的基本自足和促进延安地区农村经济的繁荣发展至关重要。位于延安北部的安塞县具有土地、气候等优越条件及传统的杂粮种植习惯,但由于玉米、马铃薯等作物面积的扩大以及退耕还林还草工程的实施,小杂粮的面积逐步减小,为了提高小杂粮的生产及比较效益,通过小杂粮品种引进示范推广、基地建设和栽培技术应用;产品品牌及地理标志培育、科技培训以及小杂粮加工企业的扶持,使小杂粮逐步走上了产业化发展的趋势。延安地区小杂粮生产虽然取得了发展,但长期以来,由于种植规模小、栽培技术落后、现代化水平较低,品种混杂、产品单一、质量参差不齐,市场化程度较低、产业体系不够健全,小杂粮产业科研和技术推广水平低等原因制约了小杂粮产业的发展。因此,通过因地制宜、优化作物布局、提高生产效益,引进和筛选多元化的新品种,强化杂粮名优产品意识,综合利用杂粮潜在资源,实施高端垄断战略,提高各类杂粮产品的集中附加值,健全杂粮产业技术和服务体系等措施,采取高水平、高科技含量的农业生产技术和科学管理种植策略,竭尽全力开发利用延安地区的小杂粮区位优势,促进小杂粮的产业化开发,必将为整个延安地区的经济发展贡献重要力量,并且创造巨大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,小杂粮产业的可持续发展也会得以实现。
[Abstract]:Small grain is a common name for small grain crops. It generally refers to a variety of small grain crops with short growth period, small planting scale, strong regional character, special planting methods and special uses. Crops such as highland barley and oats, mixed beans (such as black beans, soybeans, chickpeas, kidney beans, broad beans, peas, small potatoes (sweet potatoes) and small oil crops (perilla, brassica). So far, it has been an important food crop and a key "ecological crop" to meet the local food demand in Yan'an area. It is irreplaceable to control soil erosion and reduce soil erosion. Small grain is a traditional crop in northern Shaanxi. Local farmers have the habit of planting small crops since ancient times, and they have a wide distribution, which has the advantage of production. The soil layer is deep, the light is sufficient, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the rainfall is concentrated, and has the regional advantage. There is no heavy industry, the environment pollution is small, the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in the planting process is less, and the pesticide is hardly used in the growing area of the industrial underdeveloped minor grain in Yan'an area. At present, the small grain crops in Yanan area mainly include millet, millet, millet, black bean, cowpea, red bean, kidney bean, buckwheat and so on. They are local traditional food crops and main cash crops. Having obvious geographical and industrial advantages is of vital importance to realizing the basic self-sufficiency of grain and promoting the prosperity and development of the rural economy in Yanan. Ansai County, located in the northern part of Yan'an, has land. Climate and other favorable conditions and traditional miscellaneous grain planting habits, but due to the expansion of crop areas such as corn and potatoes and the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forests and grass, the area of small grains has gradually decreased. In order to improve the production and comparative benefits of small grains, Through the introduction and promotion of small grain varieties, the construction of bases and the application of cultivation techniques; the cultivation of product brands and geographical indications, the training of science and technology, and the support of small grain processing enterprises, Although the small grain production in Yan'an area has made progress, for a long time, because of the small planting scale, the cultivation technique is backward, the modernization level is low, the variety is mixed, the product is single, The poor quality, low marketization, imperfect industrial system and low level of scientific research and technology promotion restrict the development of the small grain industry. Therefore, by adapting measures to local conditions, we should optimize the distribution of crops. To improve the production efficiency, to introduce and screen new varieties, to strengthen the awareness of the famous and excellent miscellaneous grain products, to make comprehensive use of the potential resources of miscellaneous grains, to implement the high-end monopoly strategy, and to increase the concentration added value of all kinds of miscellaneous grain products. To improve the technology and service system of miscellaneous grain industry, to adopt high level and high-tech agricultural production technology and scientific management and planting strategy, and to make every effort to develop and utilize the regional advantages of small grains in Yan'an area. To promote the industrialization of small grains will certainly contribute an important strength to the economic development of the whole Yanan area, and create huge economic, social and ecological benefits, and the sustainable development of small grain industry will be realized.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F326.11

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