居住小区绿地布局对微气候影响的模拟研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 09:21

本文选题：居住小区 + 绿地布局　；参考：《南京大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：绿地作为改善城市物理环境的重要措施之一,在城市绿地规划和景观生态效益方面受到了广泛关注,但在绿化对微气候的影响方面缺乏定量的研究。居住小区作为城市建成环境的重要组成部分,其内部绿地布局对微气候的影响有着重要的研究意义。当前针对绿地微气候效益的研究侧重于绿化数量,而对绿化结构的考虑较少。在现有研究的微气候评价中,热环境评价占主导,而风环境、人体热舒适性、空气质量等领域并未得到足够的关注。随着数值模拟技术的发展,以ENVI-met为代表的城市微气候模拟软件得到了越来越多的运用。本文通过提取居住区典型绿地形态和绿地量化指标,以ENVI-met为模拟平台建立模型,基于数值统计,从热环境、风环境、热舒适性和颗粒物浓度四个方面对不同绿地布局下的微气候进行了评价和比较。其中涉及到的问题有绿地量化指标定义、绿地布局案例选取、模型参数设置、模拟结果的数据整理。主要工作及研究结论如下：(1)针对中心绿地和宅间绿地两种绿地类型建立多种比较模型,确定绿地量化指标并用于绿地布局描述。涉及的绿地量化指标包括：地面绿化率、绿化覆盖率、绿化容积率、生态绿化容积率、景观分离度指数、偏离度指数。(2)引入室外热舒适性指标,并针对不同指标进行了综述和比较。从指标与温度、平均辐射温度等环境参数的关系出发研究其准确性,为PMV指标的运用提供了准确性依据。(3)介绍微气候软件ENVI-met的主要特点和数学模型,对植物叶面积密度、污染源排放速率等各项模型参数进行设置。(4)应用ENVI-met进行数值模拟,从温度、风速、热舒适性、PM10浓度四个方面评价微气候。研究结果表明生态绿化容积率和绿地在白天的降温效果和热舒适性成正相关,与风速和PM10浓度成负相关。宅间绿地乔木斑块景观分离度指数与绿地的平均降温效果和除尘(PM10)能力成负相关,与风速成正相关。中心绿地乔木斑块景观分离度指数越高,绿地单个斑块面积越小,其降温强度越低,但不影响绿地平均降温水平和热舒适区面积；分离度指数越高,乔木导致的居住区内局部低风速区越多,不利于绿地下风向PM10浓度的降低。中心绿地下乔木斑块偏离度指数越小,绿地降温效果越好,对风速削弱越强,但与平均热舒适性和PM10浓度无明显关系。
[Abstract]:As one of the important measures to improve the urban physical environment, green space has received extensive attention in urban green space planning and landscape ecological benefits, but there is a lack of quantitative research on the impact of greening on microclimate. Residential district as an important part of urban built environment, its internal green space layout on the impact of microclimate has an important significance. At present, the study on the microclimate benefit of green space is focused on the amount of greening, but less on the structure of greening. In the microclimate assessment, thermal environment evaluation is dominant, while wind environment, human thermal comfort, air quality and other fields have not been paid enough attention to. With the development of numerical simulation technology, urban microclimate simulation software, represented by ENVI-met, has been applied more and more. In this paper, by extracting the typical green form and quantification index of green space in residential area, taking ENVI-met as the simulation platform to establish the model, based on the numerical statistics, from the thermal environment, wind environment, The microclimate under different green space layout was evaluated and compared in four aspects: thermal comfort and particle concentration. The problems involved include the definition of quantification index of green space, the selection of green space layout case, the setting of model parameters, and the data arrangement of simulation results. The main work and conclusions are as follows: (1) aiming at the two types of green space, the central green space and the house green space, a variety of comparative models are established to determine the quantification index of green space and to describe the layout of green space. The quantitative indexes involved include: green rate, green coverage rate, green volume ratio, ecological green volume ratio, landscape separation index, deviation index. (2) introducing outdoor thermal comfort index. Different indexes are summarized and compared. Based on the relationship between the index and the environmental parameters such as temperature, mean radiation temperature and so on, the accuracy of the index is studied. (3) the main characteristics and mathematical model of the microclimate software ENVI-met are introduced, and the density of plant leaf area is discussed. (4) using ENVI-met numerical simulation, the microclimate was evaluated from four aspects: temperature, wind speed, thermal comfort and PM10 concentration. The results showed that the volume ratio of ecological greening was positively correlated with the cooling effect and thermal comfort of green space during the day, but negatively correlated with wind speed and PM10 concentration. The landscape separation index of Arbor patches was negatively correlated with the average cooling effect of green space and the ability of dust removal (PM10), and positively correlated with the wind speed. The higher the landscape separation index of Arbor patch is, the smaller the patch area is, and the lower the cooling intensity is, but the lower the average cooling level and the area of thermal comfort zone are, the higher the separation index is. The number of local low wind speed areas caused by trees is more, which is not conducive to the decrease of wind direction PM10 concentration under green space. The smaller the tree patch deviation index is under the central green space, the better the cooling effect is, and the stronger the weakening of wind speed is, but there is no significant relationship with the average thermal comfort and PM10 concentration.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU985.125;TU119

【参考文献】