西方经济学的综合与回归

发布时间：2018-03-11 03:12

本文选题：西方经济学　切入点：经济思想史　出处：《中共中央党校》2004年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 选择“西方经济学的综合与回归”这个题目，源于我对经济学理论现状和应用现状的思考。二十世纪以来，经济学获得了长足的发展，在社会公共事务中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但我们也无庸讳言两个方面的问题：一是理论的泛化和格式化问题。所谓泛化，就是将经济学解决不同时期特定问题的结论，当做了经济理论本身。就如同将小学生计算应用题的答案，当做了数学本身一样。所谓格式化是说，，二十世纪经济学对数学技巧的追求达到了登峰造极的地步，脱离了大众，窒息了思考。二是理论应用上的庸俗化问题。在几百年的发展中，经济学领域沉淀了无数形形色色的观点。于是，“拿来主义”大行其道，就公共政策发表一点有“理论依据”的看法，更成为“勇敢者的游戏”。之所以会出现理论的泛化、格式化和应用的庸俗化问题，我认为最根本的原因在于，今天的经济学离它最初的逻辑起点太远了。就象凯恩斯所说的：大家可能不追问某个理论的前提，但却毫不犹豫地接受它的结论。要打破这种局面，需要对经济学两百多年来的发展进行一次梳理和综合，提取其中最基本的假设、原理和分析方法，以指导经济学的研究和应用。 1890年，马歇尔对经济学产生以来，主要是亚当·斯密以来的经济学发展进行过一次综合，他的《经济学原理》一书，是古典经济学的集大成之作。该书综合生产费用理论和边际效用理论所创立的均衡价值论，迄今仍是研究市场资源配置的核心指导原则。马歇尔所锻造的另一个分析工具——边际替代的概念，则被证明在包括非市场选择在内的广阔领域，具有普遍的适应性。马歇尔之后，凯恩斯创立了宏观经济学，萨缪尔森则将二者综合起来，形成了经济学的“新古典综合派”。萨缪尔森的综合，说到底是“折中”。在他的体系中，微观经济学和宏观经济学的裂痕依然存在，人们依然把它们看作是两个逻辑前提、两套分析方法。特别是随着宏观经济学各流派轮番登场，萨缪尔森的《经济学》只好不断改版补充新的理论观点。如此“综合”下去，经济学的智慧将被淹没在文字材料的“海洋”中。本文试图进行另一种形式的综合，就是要在分析方法上进行梳理和廓清。如果说萨缪尔森的综合是由简到繁，本文则要删繁就简。我们要以马歇尔的新古典体系为参照点，前后延伸一百年，提炼和总结经济学最基本的思想方法。在此基础上，我们要对现代经济学的理论成果进行一次回归，放在我们所提炼出来的参照系中，考察它们的发展和动态。按照这一目标，本文做了两个方面的工作。上篇，运用逻辑的方法，对经济学两百多年的发展进行了一次综合，从中提取出三个假设(经济人假设、资源稀缺假设和私有产权假设)、三个原理(最大化原理、平等交换原理和供求原理)和三个分析方法(个体分析的方法、均衡分析方法和成本一收益分析方法)，以此来作为我们把握整个经济学发展脉络的参照系。下篇，在简要回顾马歇尔之后经济学的百年发展历程的基础土，提取出通常认为与新古典分析方法上存在较大差异的四个理论问题，进行了一次回归。这四个问题分别是:不确定条件下的选择问题，博奕、信息和预期，宏观经济学的总需求分析和宏观经济学的总供给分析。我们回归工作的目的是要表明，这些方面的发展，不过是经济学基本原理和分析方法在不同约束条件下的具体应用。在“不确定条件下的选择问题”一章，我们通过构建一个统一的分析框架，对比了圣彼德堡悖论、弗里德曼的风险效用分析和卡内曼的展望理论，揭示了它们之间的差别仅仅在于风险因素进入效用函数的方式不同。在“博奕、预期和信息”一章，我们论证了博奕论在研究对象、分析方法和均衡界定等方面与新古典经济学的一致性，指出博奕分析的困难在于缺乏必要的辅助性设定，博奕论本质上是个人决策理论的扩展。在“宏观经济学的总需求分析”中，我们基于最大化原理构建了一个很小的分析模型，证明从萨伊定律到凯恩斯有效需求不足，再到弗里德曼的需求理论，其中的实质性差别仅在于市场利率能否灵活调整。最后一章，我们使用一个标准的供求分析模型，在不同的假说条件下推导了凯恩斯学派、现代货币学派、理性预期学派和新凯恩斯学派的总曲线，并简要评述了各流派的政策含义。本文着力在两个方面进行了尝试和创新。一是在研究方法上，我们以马歇尔所建立的新古典体系为基准点，对从斯密至今经济学两百多年的发展进行了一次大跨度的综合。这项工作迄今还没有人做过。二是在研究成果上，本文基于最大化原理，对“阿莱悖论”和“偏好逆转”现象做出了合理的解释。而人们通常把这两个问题作为否定经济人理性的有力证据。本文考察了博奕分析的困难、根源，并基于一个附带预期的个人决策模型，重新定义了几个重要的博奕均衡的实现条件。本文通过对总需求分析和总供给分析进行回归研究，在重建宏观经济学的微观基础方面取得了进展。三是在具体的理论观点上，本文首次区分经济人的强假定和弱假定，尝试性地提出了流动性陷阱的弱假说形式，并在逻辑上严格证明了弗里德
[Abstract]:Select the subject of synthesis and return of western economics, from my thoughts on current economics research and application. Since twentieth Century, economics has achieved great development, playing an increasingly important role in social public affairs. But we have no taboo words in two aspects: one is the generalization and format of the theory. The so-called generalization is the economics to solve specific problems in different periods of the conclusion, as economic theory itself. As the primary computing application answers, as mathematics itself. The format is that in twentieth Century economic pursuit of math skills to reach the peak of perfection degree, away from the public that suffocating thinking. Two is the vulgarization problem theory application. In several hundred years of development in the field of economics, precipitated numerous viewpoints. Then of every hue, "take To "popular, public policy issued a" theoretical basis "view, but as" game of the brave ". The reason why the theory of generalization, vulgarization problem format and application, I think the most fundamental reason is that today's economics from its original starting point too far. As Keynes said: we may not question the premise of a theory, but did not hesitate to accept it. In order to change the situation, the need for the development of economics in two hundred years and a sort of comprehensive extraction, one of the most basic assumptions, principle and analysis method, the research and application of guidance economics.
Since 1890, Marshall in economics, is the main economic development since Adam Simy had a comprehensive, his "economics principle" a book, is a master of classical economics. The equilibrium value created by the book comprehensive production cost theory and the theory of marginal utility theory, the core guiding principle is still the allocation of market resources. Another concept analysis tool Marshall forging - marginal substitution, is shown in the vast non market areas, has wide adaptability. After Marshall, Keynes established the macroeconomics, Samuelson will be the combination of the two, the formation of the economics of "Neo classic" Samuelson. Overall, in the final analysis is the "compromise". In his system, micro and macro economics gap still exists, people still regard them as It is two logical preconditions and two sets of analytical methods. In particular, as the various schools of macroeconomics take turns on the field, Samuelson's < economics > has been restructured and amended.
A new theoretical point of view. So "integrated", the wisdom of economics will be submerged in the "sea" of text materials.
In the ocean.
This article attempts to carry out another form of synthesis, which is to comb and clarify the method of analysis.
If Samuelson is from simple to complex, this paper will be. We should take the new by cutting out the superfluous old Marshall
The code system is a reference point, which extends for one hundred years, refining and summarizing the most basic ideas and methods of economics.
On the basis of this, we are going to have a return to the theoretical results of modern economics, which we have extracted.
In the frame of reference, the development and dynamics of them are examined. According to this goal, this article has done two aspects of the work.
In the first part, the more than 200 year development of economics has been synthesized by using the method of logic.
Three hypotheses are extracted (economic man hypothesis, resource scarcity hypothesis and private property right hypothesis), and three principles (most of them)
The principle of maximization, the principle of equal exchange and the principle of supply and demand and the three methods of analysis (the method of individual analysis, equilibrium)
The analysis method and the cost-benefit analysis method are used as a way of grasping the development of the whole economics.
Reference department.
In the next chapter, a brief review of the foundation of the development of economics after Marshall has been briefly reviewed.
It is often considered that four theoretical problems, which are different from the new classical methods, have been returned.
The four questions are: selection under uncertainty, game, information and expectation, macroeconomics
The general demand analysis and the overall supply analysis of macroeconomics. The purpose of our return to work is to show that these parties
The development of the surface is a specific application of the basic principles and analytical methods of Economics under different constraints.
In the chapter "the question of choice under uncertainty", we build a unified analytical framework.
Comparison of the St. Petersburg paradox, risk utility analysis and prospect theory of Kehneman Freedman, reveals it
The difference between them lies only in the different ways that risk factors enter the utility function.
In the chapter "game, expectation and information", we demonstrate the object of game theory and the method of analysis.
It is pointed out that the difficulty of game analysis lies in the lack of necessity.
The theory of game theory is essentially an extension of the theory of personal decision.
In the "general demand analysis of macroeconomics", we build a very small one based on the maximization principle
The analysis model is proved from the say's law to Keynes insufficient effective demand, and then to Freedman's theory,
The substantial difference is only the flexible adjustment of the market interest rate.
In the last chapter, we use a standard supply and demand analysis model to deduce under different hypotheses.
The general curve of the Keynes school, the modern monetary school, the rational expectation school and the new Keynes school, and briefly
The policy implications of various genres are reviewed.
This article focuses on two aspects. One is the attempt and innovation in research methods, we take the horse
The new classical system set up is a benchmark for the development of more than 200 years from Smith's economics.
This work has not been done so far. Two is on the research results, this article is based on the most.
In principle, make a reasonable explanation of "Allais paradox" and "preference reversal" phenomenon. People usually
The two problems are regarded as strong evidence to deny the rationality of economic man. This paper examines the difficulties of game analysis.
The source, and based on an anticipated personal decision model, redefines several important game equilibrium realities.
In this paper, a regression study on the total demand analysis and the total supply analysis is carried out in the reconstruction of macroeconomics.
Progress has been made in the microcosmic basis. Three in the specific theoretical point of view, this article first distinguishes the economic man.
The weak hypothesis of the liquidity trap is put forward by strong hypothesis and weak assumption, and it is strictly proved in logic.
Clear Fred

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F0

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