生态系统服务市场化工具:概念、类型与适用

发布时间：2018-04-06 23:18

本文选题：生态系统服务　切入点：市场化工具　出处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2017年06期

【摘要】：生态系统服务市场化工具作为一种与命令控制型进路相对的环境政策工具,最初与污染问题相联系而出现,之后扩展至生物多样性和生态系统服务的保护,被认为能够更有效地应对市场失灵,为自然资源管理提供正向激励,有助于优化资源配置以及填补生态保护资金缺口。通过对生态系统服务市场化工具概念、类型和适用的考察,可以发现生态系统服务市场化工具的概念虽频繁出现,但界定过于宽泛模糊,几乎泛指所有带有价格成分的工具;生态系统服务市场化工具的类型划分并不一致,基于归纳的类型划分将现行市场化工具归纳为基于价格的机制、基于数量的机制和市场摩擦机制三类,而基于演绎的类型划分,则将市场化工具分为直接市场交易、许可证交易、反向拍卖、科斯类型协议、调控价格变化和自愿性价格信号六类;生态系统服务市场化工具的适用需要以生态系统服务的货币化为前提,受制于制度背景,并且应当针对市场的弊端予以法律规制,确保交易能够真正提供环境效益;市场化工具的选择不仅有赖于数字运算,还应当考虑多种因素并予以权衡,同时综合运用各种市场化或非市场化工具。中国在建立健全生态保护市场体系的过程中,应当把握生态系统服务市场化工具通过生态系统服务货币化和商品化解决环境外部性问题这一实质,理解缓解银行、生态系统服务付费、反向拍卖、生态标签和生态认证等典型市场化工具的运行机理,明确生态系统服务市场化工具适用的前提和规则,更好地发挥市场化工具的积极功效,从而实现特定的环境政策目标。
[Abstract]:Ecosystem services marketization tools, as an environmental policy tool opposite to command-and-control approaches, were initially linked to pollution issues and then extended to biodiversity and ecosystem service conservation.It is believed to be able to deal with market failures more effectively, to provide positive incentives for natural resource management, to help optimize resource allocation and to fill the funding gap for ecological conservation.Through the investigation of the concept, type and application of ecosystem service marketization tool, we can find that the concept of ecosystem service marketization tool appears frequently, but the definition is too broad and vague, almost refers to all tools with price component;The classification of ecosystem service market-oriented tools is not consistent. Based on inductive classification, the current market-oriented tools are classified into three categories: price-based mechanism, quantity-based mechanism and market friction mechanism, but based on deductive typology.The market-oriented tools are divided into six categories: direct market transaction, license transaction, reverse auction, Coase type agreement, price regulation and control and voluntary price signal.The application of ecosystem services market-oriented tools should be based on the monetization of ecosystem services, subject to the background of the system, and should be regulated according to the shortcomings of the market so as to ensure that transactions can provide environmental benefits.The choice of market-oriented tools depends not only on digital operation, but also on a variety of factors to be considered and weighed. At the same time, all kinds of market-oriented and non-market-oriented tools should be comprehensively used.In the process of establishing and perfecting the market system of ecological protection, China should grasp the essence of market-oriented tools of ecosystem services to solve environmental externalities through monetization and commercialization of ecosystem services, and understand and alleviate the banks.The operating mechanism of typical market-oriented tools, such as ecosystem service payment, reverse auction, eco-label and ecological certification, etc., to clarify the premise and rules for the application of market-oriented tools of ecosystem services, and to give better play to the positive effects of market-oriented tools.In order to achieve specific environmental policy objectives.
【作者单位】：北京理工大学法学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金重点项目“完善生态补偿机制的制度建设与法律保障研究”(批准号:12AZD062) 北京理工大学基础研究基金项目“生态补偿的市场化及其法律规制”(批准号:20132342006)
【分类号】：X196

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