《资本论》的国际经济交往思想研究
发布时间：2018-08-17 15:16
【摘要】：《资本论》是由马克思生前拟撰写的经济学巨著《政治经济学批判》六册结构计划(简称“六册计划”)第一册第一篇中的“资本一般”内容演变而来,在其“六册计划”中,特别是后二册,国际经济交往问题将成为其中的重要课题加以探讨。尽管“六册计划”最终并未完成,但是依据《资本论》,我们在一定程度上能够梳理、推测出马克思的有关国际经济交往思想的主要内容。当前,我国正处于对外开放的新阶段,市场经济在资源配置中的决定性作用将更加突出,国际经济交往形势也将更加严峻,我们迫切需要马克思主义国际经济交往理论作为指导。研究《资本论》的国际经济交往思想,对促进我国更好地开展对外开放、更好地进行中国特色社会主义现代化建设具有重要理论意义和实践指导意义。论文依据马克思主义的立场,综合运用文本与历史考察相结合的方法、多学科整合研究的方法、经济与政治相结合的方法、理论与现实相结合的方法等,从整体上系统探讨了《资本论》的国际经济交往思想。论文围绕“资本”这一核心范畴,引申出资本主义条件下国际经济交往的基本状况,进而分析了国际经济交往的具体表现形态,在这一基础上继续深挖国际经济交往与资本主义生产方式本身的关系,然后对《资本论》国际经济交往思想加以提升,阐发在资本主义条件下国际经济交往对国际秩序、国际关系的影响,为相关国际问题的研究提供基础,进而从整个人类社会发展趋势上对国际经济交往展开分析,并对其未来自身发展态势进行了预测。最后系统总结了《资本论》国际经济交往思想的重大理论意义和实践价值。论文的主要内容、观点包括:第一,《资本论》揭示了国际经济交往形成与发展的过程。国际经济交往的形成与发展是一部“自然史”的过程,在资本主义生产方式确立以前,国际经济交往就已经出现了。但是,在资本主义生产方式确立以后,国际经济交往无论是在规模上、还是在频率上都发生了巨大的变化,人类社会开始进入真正的全面的国际经济交往新时代。资本主义国际经济交往先后经历了工场手工业时代的真正意义上国际经济交往的起步阶段和机器大工业时代的真正意义上国际经济交往发展与成熟阶段。在资本主义生产方式下,国际经济交往的迅猛发展使其与以前相比又出现了许多新的特征:军事手段与经济手段并用,混沌无序与规则制度并存,经济依赖与政治同化并进。国际经济交往形成与发展过程的揭示有助于我们能够更加清晰准确地把握国际经济交往的发展规律。第二,《资本论》论述了国际经济交往的具体形态。从历史顺序来看,随着生产力的发展,对外贸易渐渐出现了,这是最早的国际经济交往的基本形态。对外贸易的出现与发展使各国的相对优势或比较优势充分发挥出来,从而促进了国际分工的产生与发展,国际分工是国际经济交往的延伸形态。随着对外贸易和国际分工的发展,使对外投资成为可能,对外投资是对外贸易和国际分工发展到高级阶段的新体现,是国际经济交往的纵深发展。对外贸易、国际分工、对外投资三者相互影响、相互促进、相互结合,最终形成了世界市场,世界市场是国际经济交往的最高形态。随着世界市场的出现,人类历史开始进入世界历史。从逻辑的顺序来看,资本具有货币资本、生产资本、商品资本三种形态,每一种形态都有冲破国界的冲动和其世界形态的对应形式。商品资本突破国界的途径主要是对外贸易;生产资本突破国界的途径主要是国际分工;货币资本突破国界的主要途径是对外投资。世界市场则是这三种形态突破国界的总状态,是对外贸易、国际分工、对外投资互动的结果。国际经济交往具体形态的详细分析,使我们能够更加深刻地把握国际经济交往的丰富内容。第三,《资本论》考评国际经济交往与资本主义生产方式的思想。国际经济交往促进了资本主义生产方式的形成与发展,但是国际经济交往对于解决资本主义生产的各种矛盾其作用有限。资本主义通过世界市场实现生产要素的跨国流动来缓和人与自然之间的矛盾,解决自身的生产矛盾。这种生产要素的跨国流动加速了资本主义生产力的发展,促进了资本主义社会的进步。但是,在资本主义条件下生产要素的跨国流动并不能彻底解决资本主义生产的矛盾。资本主义通过开辟国外市场延缓经济危机,解决自身的交换矛盾。开辟国外市场虽然增加了产品的销售,但是资本主义生产的特点很快使世界市场无法满足资本主义对商品销售市场的需求,因此世界市场并不能彻底解决资本主义的经济危机。资本主义通过剥削落后国家转移国内阶级矛盾,解决自身社会的分配矛盾。在世界竞争中,财富总体上由落后国家向发达国家转移,从而发达国家工人阶级的工作条件、生活水平也会出现一定的改善,资本主义国家的分配矛盾、阶级矛盾也得到一定缓和,但是这种阶级矛盾并不会因此而消失。通过这些分析,使国际经济交往在资本主义制度下的地位与作用更加清晰地展示出来,有助于我们进一步把握资本主义生产方式下国际经济交往的具体运行状况。第四,《资本论》阐发国际经济交往与国际秩序、国际关系的思想。资本主义生产方式下的国际经济交往活动对于国际秩序、国际关系产生了重大影响,是近代国际体系诞生的重要经济因素,它在近代国际关系的产生、新旧生产方式的斗争以及宗主国与殖民地关系中发挥着重要影响。国际经济交往影响了战争与和平的转换,国际经济交往无论是对于战争发动还是其本身充当战争辅助手段,其作用都不容忽视,而且在国际政治格局的形成过程中,国际经济交往通过对大国之间争夺霸权、宗主国与殖民地关系以及国际社会的无政府状态施加影响彰显其地位与作用。在资本主义国际经济交往的影响下,国际秩序、国际关系也呈现出了相应的新特点:在外交活动中,资产阶级处于主导地位,外交主要服务于资产阶级的利益诉求;在对外关系中,经济利益是最主要的目标,意识形态、诚信、道德等受到很大削弱;在国际政治中,强权是通行证,实力是硬道理。同时,国际秩序、国际关系的状况也深刻影响了各国间的国际经济交往活动状况。通过梳理《资本论》国际经济交往与国际秩序、国际关系的思想,有助于为国际关系等领域的研究提供坚实的经济方面的基础,也有助于开拓《资本论》的研究领域。第五,《资本论》指明国际经济交往与人类社会发展趋势的思想。国际经济交往虽然不能决定人类社会的发展趋势,但是其影响巨大,它既可以促进一种社会制度的诞生与发展,也可加速其灭亡。在资本主义诞生、发展的过程中,国际经济交往发挥了积极的促进作用,但是随着各种条件的变化,国际经济交往对资本主义制度的瓦解作用却日趋明显。它放大了资本主义制度的缺陷,促进了资本主义的私人所有制向共产主义的社会所有制转变,也促进了人的世界范围交往关系的重大变革。同时,国际经济交往又为共产主义制度的建立发挥了积极的促进作用,它能促进新社会制度所需物质基础的建立,也能促进新社会制度的生产方式的形成与发展,还能促进新社会制度所需的人的综合素质的提高。在国际经济交往未来发展态势方面,它将以新的形式继续存在,并在本质上将实现历史归位。通过对国际经济交往与人类社会发展趋势的探讨,使我们对人类社会发展规律及其未来趋势有了更加清晰地理解。第六,分析《资本论》国际经济交往思想的理论意义与实践价值。从理论意义来看,《资本论》国际经济交往思想,丰富发展了马克思以前时代的国际经济交往思想,更新了马克思本人早期的国际经济交往思想,影响了后马克思时期的国际经济交往思想,也为当前的马克思主义国际经济交往问题研究奠定了基础、指明了方向。从实践价值来看,借助《资本论》国际经济交往思想,有助于透过纷繁复杂的国际经济交往现象,认清当代资本主义发达国家国际经济交往的实质,切实维护我国在国际经济交往中的国家利益。
[Abstract]:"Capital" is the evolution of the "general capital" in the first chapter of the first volume of the six-volume structural plan (abbreviated as "six-volume plan"), which was written by Marx in his lifetime. In its "six-volume plan", especially in the latter two volumes, the issue of international economic intercourse will become an important topic to be explored. Although the Six-volume Plan has not been completed at last, we can sort out and infer the main contents of Marx's thoughts on international economic intercourse according to Capital to a certain extent. At present, China is in a new stage of opening to the outside world, the decisive role of market economy in the allocation of resources will be more prominent, and the international economy will play a more important role. The communicative situation will be even more severe, and we urgently need the Marxist theory of international economic intercourse as a guide. Studying the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote China's opening up and socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. According to the Marxist standpoint, this paper systematically discusses the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital on the whole by using the method of combining text with historical investigation, the method of integrating multidisciplinary research, the method of combining economy with politics, and the method of combining theory with reality. This paper investigates the basic situation of international economic exchanges under capitalist conditions, and then analyzes the concrete manifestations of international economic exchanges. On this basis, it continues to dig deeply into the relationship between international economic exchanges and the capitalist mode of production itself, and then promotes the thought of international economic exchanges under the capitalist conditions and elucidates the international situation under capitalist conditions. The influence of economic intercourse on international order and international relations provides the basis for the study of relevant international issues, and then analyzes the international economic intercourse from the development trend of the whole human society, and forecasts its future development trend. Finally, it systematically summarizes the great theoretical significance of the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital. The main contents and viewpoints of this paper are as follows: Firstly, Capital reveals the formation and development of international economic exchanges. The formation and development of international economic exchanges is a process of "natural history". Before the establishment of the capitalist mode of production, international economic exchanges have appeared. However, in the capitalist mode of production, capitalist mode of production has emerged. Since its establishment, great changes have taken place in both scale and frequency of international economic exchanges, and human society has entered a new era of truly comprehensive international economic exchanges. Under the capitalist mode of production, the rapid development of international economic exchanges has brought about many new features: the use of both military and economic means, the coexistence of chaos and rules and systems, economic dependence and political assimilation. The revelation of the formation and development of economic exchanges will help us to grasp the law of development of international economic exchanges more clearly and accurately. Second, Capital discusses the concrete forms of international economic exchanges. The appearance and development of foreign trade make the relative advantage or comparative advantage of each country come into full play, thus promoting the production and development of international division of labor. International division of labor is an extension form of international economic exchanges. The new manifestation of the development of division of labor to a higher stage is the in-depth development of international economic exchanges. Foreign trade, international division of labor and foreign investment interact, promote and integrate each other, and finally form a world market, the world market is the highest form of international economic exchanges. With the emergence of the world market, human history began to enter the world calendar. History. From the logical sequence, capital has three forms: monetary capital, productive capital and commodity capital, each of which has the impulse to break through national boundaries and the corresponding forms of its world form. The world market is the result of the interaction of foreign trade, international division of labor and foreign investment. The detailed analysis of the specific forms of international economic exchanges enables us to grasp the rich content of international economic exchanges more profoundly. Third, the Capital Review of International Economics International economic exchanges promote the formation and development of capitalist mode of production, but international economic exchanges play a limited role in solving various contradictions in capitalist production. The transnational flow of factors of production accelerates the development of capitalist productive forces and promotes the progress of capitalist society. However, the transnational flow of factors of production under capitalist conditions can not completely solve the contradiction of capitalist production. Capitalism delays the economy by opening up foreign markets. Opening up foreign markets will increase the sales of products, but the characteristics of capitalist production will soon make the world market unable to meet the demand of capitalism for commodity markets, so the world market can not completely solve the economic crisis of capitalism. In the world competition, wealth transfers from backward countries to developed countries on the whole, thus improving the working conditions and living standards of the working class in developed countries. The distribution contradictions and class contradictions in capitalist countries have been eased to a certain extent. Contradictions will not disappear. Through these analyses, the status and role of international economic exchanges under the capitalist system will be more clearly displayed, which will help us to further grasp the specific operation of international economic exchanges under the capitalist mode of production. International economic intercourse under capitalist mode of production has exerted a great influence on the international order and international relations. It is an important economic factor for the birth of modern international system. It has exerted an important influence on the emergence of modern international relations, the struggle between old and new modes of production, and the relationship between suzerain and colonies. International economic exchanges have influenced the transformation of war and peace. The role of international economic exchanges should not be neglected, whether for the initiation of war or as an auxiliary means of war itself. Moreover, in the process of forming the international political pattern, international economic exchanges compete for hegemony among great powers, the relationship between sovereign states and colonies, and the international community. Under the influence of capitalist international economic exchanges, the international order and international relations also present corresponding new characteristics: in diplomatic activities, the bourgeoisie is in the leading position, diplomacy mainly serves the interests of the bourgeoisie; in foreign relations, economic interests are the most important. In international politics, power is the passport and power is the absolute principle. At the same time, the international order and the state of international relations also have a profound impact on the international economic exchanges among countries. Fifth, Capital indicates the thought of international economic intercourse and the development trend of human society. Although international economic intercourse can not determine the development trend of human society, its influence is enormous. In the process of the birth and development of capitalism, international economic exchanges have played an active role in promoting the development of capitalism. However, with the changes of various conditions, the disintegration of the capitalist system by international economic exchanges has become increasingly obvious. It enlarges the capitalist system. Defects have promoted the transformation of capitalist private ownership into Communist social ownership, as well as a major change in people's worldwide contacts. At the same time, international economic exchanges have played a positive role in promoting the establishment of the Communist system, which can promote the establishment of the material basis needed by the new social system, but also promote the establishment of the new social system. The formation and development of the mode of production for entering the new social system can also promote the improvement of the comprehensive quality of the people needed by the new social system.As for the future development trend of international economic exchanges, it will continue to exist in a new form and essentially return to the historical position. Sixthly, it analyzes the theoretical significance and practical value of the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital. From the theoretical point of view, the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital enriches and develops the thought of international economic intercourse in Marx's previous era and renews Mark's. Thinking about my early thought of international economic intercourse has influenced the thought of international economic intercourse in the post-Marxist period and laid a foundation and pointed out the direction for the study of Marxist international economic intercourse. In the past, we should clearly understand the essence of international economic exchanges between contemporary capitalist developed countries and earnestly safeguard China's national interests in international economic exchanges.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F091.91
，
本文编号：2188048
[Abstract]:"Capital" is the evolution of the "general capital" in the first chapter of the first volume of the six-volume structural plan (abbreviated as "six-volume plan"), which was written by Marx in his lifetime. In its "six-volume plan", especially in the latter two volumes, the issue of international economic intercourse will become an important topic to be explored. Although the Six-volume Plan has not been completed at last, we can sort out and infer the main contents of Marx's thoughts on international economic intercourse according to Capital to a certain extent. At present, China is in a new stage of opening to the outside world, the decisive role of market economy in the allocation of resources will be more prominent, and the international economy will play a more important role. The communicative situation will be even more severe, and we urgently need the Marxist theory of international economic intercourse as a guide. Studying the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote China's opening up and socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. According to the Marxist standpoint, this paper systematically discusses the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital on the whole by using the method of combining text with historical investigation, the method of integrating multidisciplinary research, the method of combining economy with politics, and the method of combining theory with reality. This paper investigates the basic situation of international economic exchanges under capitalist conditions, and then analyzes the concrete manifestations of international economic exchanges. On this basis, it continues to dig deeply into the relationship between international economic exchanges and the capitalist mode of production itself, and then promotes the thought of international economic exchanges under the capitalist conditions and elucidates the international situation under capitalist conditions. The influence of economic intercourse on international order and international relations provides the basis for the study of relevant international issues, and then analyzes the international economic intercourse from the development trend of the whole human society, and forecasts its future development trend. Finally, it systematically summarizes the great theoretical significance of the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital. The main contents and viewpoints of this paper are as follows: Firstly, Capital reveals the formation and development of international economic exchanges. The formation and development of international economic exchanges is a process of "natural history". Before the establishment of the capitalist mode of production, international economic exchanges have appeared. However, in the capitalist mode of production, capitalist mode of production has emerged. Since its establishment, great changes have taken place in both scale and frequency of international economic exchanges, and human society has entered a new era of truly comprehensive international economic exchanges. Under the capitalist mode of production, the rapid development of international economic exchanges has brought about many new features: the use of both military and economic means, the coexistence of chaos and rules and systems, economic dependence and political assimilation. The revelation of the formation and development of economic exchanges will help us to grasp the law of development of international economic exchanges more clearly and accurately. Second, Capital discusses the concrete forms of international economic exchanges. The appearance and development of foreign trade make the relative advantage or comparative advantage of each country come into full play, thus promoting the production and development of international division of labor. International division of labor is an extension form of international economic exchanges. The new manifestation of the development of division of labor to a higher stage is the in-depth development of international economic exchanges. Foreign trade, international division of labor and foreign investment interact, promote and integrate each other, and finally form a world market, the world market is the highest form of international economic exchanges. With the emergence of the world market, human history began to enter the world calendar. History. From the logical sequence, capital has three forms: monetary capital, productive capital and commodity capital, each of which has the impulse to break through national boundaries and the corresponding forms of its world form. The world market is the result of the interaction of foreign trade, international division of labor and foreign investment. The detailed analysis of the specific forms of international economic exchanges enables us to grasp the rich content of international economic exchanges more profoundly. Third, the Capital Review of International Economics International economic exchanges promote the formation and development of capitalist mode of production, but international economic exchanges play a limited role in solving various contradictions in capitalist production. The transnational flow of factors of production accelerates the development of capitalist productive forces and promotes the progress of capitalist society. However, the transnational flow of factors of production under capitalist conditions can not completely solve the contradiction of capitalist production. Capitalism delays the economy by opening up foreign markets. Opening up foreign markets will increase the sales of products, but the characteristics of capitalist production will soon make the world market unable to meet the demand of capitalism for commodity markets, so the world market can not completely solve the economic crisis of capitalism. In the world competition, wealth transfers from backward countries to developed countries on the whole, thus improving the working conditions and living standards of the working class in developed countries. The distribution contradictions and class contradictions in capitalist countries have been eased to a certain extent. Contradictions will not disappear. Through these analyses, the status and role of international economic exchanges under the capitalist system will be more clearly displayed, which will help us to further grasp the specific operation of international economic exchanges under the capitalist mode of production. International economic intercourse under capitalist mode of production has exerted a great influence on the international order and international relations. It is an important economic factor for the birth of modern international system. It has exerted an important influence on the emergence of modern international relations, the struggle between old and new modes of production, and the relationship between suzerain and colonies. International economic exchanges have influenced the transformation of war and peace. The role of international economic exchanges should not be neglected, whether for the initiation of war or as an auxiliary means of war itself. Moreover, in the process of forming the international political pattern, international economic exchanges compete for hegemony among great powers, the relationship between sovereign states and colonies, and the international community. Under the influence of capitalist international economic exchanges, the international order and international relations also present corresponding new characteristics: in diplomatic activities, the bourgeoisie is in the leading position, diplomacy mainly serves the interests of the bourgeoisie; in foreign relations, economic interests are the most important. In international politics, power is the passport and power is the absolute principle. At the same time, the international order and the state of international relations also have a profound impact on the international economic exchanges among countries. Fifth, Capital indicates the thought of international economic intercourse and the development trend of human society. Although international economic intercourse can not determine the development trend of human society, its influence is enormous. In the process of the birth and development of capitalism, international economic exchanges have played an active role in promoting the development of capitalism. However, with the changes of various conditions, the disintegration of the capitalist system by international economic exchanges has become increasingly obvious. It enlarges the capitalist system. Defects have promoted the transformation of capitalist private ownership into Communist social ownership, as well as a major change in people's worldwide contacts. At the same time, international economic exchanges have played a positive role in promoting the establishment of the Communist system, which can promote the establishment of the material basis needed by the new social system, but also promote the establishment of the new social system. The formation and development of the mode of production for entering the new social system can also promote the improvement of the comprehensive quality of the people needed by the new social system.As for the future development trend of international economic exchanges, it will continue to exist in a new form and essentially return to the historical position. Sixthly, it analyzes the theoretical significance and practical value of the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital. From the theoretical point of view, the thought of international economic intercourse in Capital enriches and develops the thought of international economic intercourse in Marx's previous era and renews Mark's. Thinking about my early thought of international economic intercourse has influenced the thought of international economic intercourse in the post-Marxist period and laid a foundation and pointed out the direction for the study of Marxist international economic intercourse. In the past, we should clearly understand the essence of international economic exchanges between contemporary capitalist developed countries and earnestly safeguard China's national interests in international economic exchanges.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F091.91
，
本文编号：2188048
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