湿地生态补偿理论与实践研究

发布时间：2018-10-11 07:20

【摘要】：宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区是“荒漠-湿地生态系统”类型自然保护区,是我国西北半干旱-干旱地区(黄土高原-风沙区)生物多样性、景观多样性的缩影,也是鸟类迁徙途经地和重要的繁殖地。为加强保护区的保护和建设,2014年国家启动“中央财政湿地补贴项目：宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区湿地生态效益补偿试点项目(以下简称试点项目)”。本文研究以“试点项目”为例,从湿地生态补偿的理论和实践两个方面出发,通过文献整理及资料收集,探讨湿地生态补偿机制中的几个重要问题。同时,通过现地调查、问卷调查、座谈交流以及研讨会等方法,全面系统的总结“试点项目”的经验,旨在为今后类似湿地生态补偿项目的实施提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)保护区生态补偿范围应在三区(核心区、缓冲区和实验区)划分的基础上,确定由于所保护野生动物的活动造成保护区及周边农作物损失的范围。(2)通过利益相关者分析,湿地生态补偿主体有中央和地方政府、湿地资源开发利用的企业和个人、湿地管理部门(保护区管理局)以及社会团体和个人；补偿客体为保护区周边社区的居民、湿地管理部门(保护区管理局)、湿地资源开发利用的企业、个人和湿地所在政府。(3)运用机会成本法、市场价值法和条件价值法分别计算出机会成本损失价值为69.89元／(亩·年)、直接经济损失价值为31.8元／(亩·年)以及农户意愿值为140.67元／(亩·年)。确定生态补偿标准时,将直接经济损失价值作为其下限,农户意愿值为其上限,采用机会成本损失价值作为补偿标准。(4)选择湿地生态补偿方式时,应考虑到保护区湿地生态补偿主客体的多样性、社会及个人参与的积极性等方面,目前湿地生态补偿方式最合理的方式是社区共管。(5)总结此次“试点项目”经验包括：生态补偿过程中应全面考虑群众(农户)的需求,同时,生态补偿机制需进一步完善,保护区相关科研工作应受到重视。
[Abstract]:The Haba Lake National Nature Reserve of Ningxia is a kind of nature reserve of "desert wetland ecosystem", which is the epitome of biodiversity and landscape diversity in semi-arid and arid region of northwest China (loess plateau and sandy area). It is also a place of migration and important breeding grounds for birds. In order to strengthen the protection and construction of protected areas, in 2014, the state launched the "Central Fiscal Wetland subsidy Project: Ningxia Haba Lake National Nature Reserve Wetland Ecological benefit compensation pilot Project (hereinafter referred to as the pilot Project)". Taking "pilot project" as an example, this paper discusses several important problems in wetland ecological compensation mechanism through literature collation and data collection from two aspects of wetland ecological compensation theory and practice. At the same time, the experience of "pilot project" is summed up in a comprehensive and systematic way by means of field investigation, questionnaire survey, discussion exchange and seminar, in order to provide theoretical basis for the implementation of similar wetland ecological compensation project in the future. The results show that: (1) the range of ecological compensation should be divided into three zones (core zone, buffer zone and experimental area). Determine the scope of crop losses caused by protected wildlife activities. (2) through stakeholder analysis, the main bodies of wetland ecological compensation are central and local governments, enterprises and individuals that exploit and utilize wetland resources, The Wetland Management Department (PAA), as well as social groups and individuals; the object of compensation is the residents of the surrounding communities of the protected areas, the Wetland Management Department (PAA), the enterprises that exploit and utilize wetland resources, Individuals and governments where wetlands are located. (3) use of opportunistic costing, The value of opportunity cost loss is 69.89 yuan / (mu per year), direct economic loss value is 31.8 yuan / (mu year) and farmers' will value is 140.67 yuan / mu year respectively by market value method and conditional value method. When determining the ecological compensation standard, the value of direct economic loss is taken as its lower limit, the value of farmers' will is the upper limit, and the value of opportunity cost loss is used as the compensation standard. (4) when selecting wetland ecological compensation mode, Consideration should be given to such aspects as the diversity of the subject and the object of ecological compensation for wetlands in protected areas, the initiative of society and individuals to participate, At present, the most reasonable way of wetland ecological compensation is community co-management. (5) summing up the experience of this "pilot project": the needs of the masses (farmers) should be taken into account in the process of ecological compensation, and the ecological compensation mechanism needs to be further improved. The related scientific research work in the reserve should be paid attention to.
【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F205;X196

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