李鸿章经济伦理思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 15:19

本文选题：李鸿章 + 经济伦理思想　；参考：《西南大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：李鸿章是历史转型时期一个典型的传统知识分子,其在洋务运动中的一系列经济实践和理论阐述是非常重要的经济伦理思想。其经济伦理思想的渊源,与传统义利观和西方商业观相关。中国传统的重义轻利、重利轻义、义利并重三种观念和西方重商主义思想都影响着李鸿章的经济伦理思想。李鸿章的经济伦理思想主要内容来自于他近三十年在清政府为官期间的洋务运动实践,应该说,他的经济伦理思想是理论学习和洋务实践的有机结合,体现了他复杂的思想内在和现实的时代背景。具体而言,主要在国富与国强关系辩证、国利民利的辩证关系和对外通商的经济伦理反思这几个方面。李鸿章身上有着非常明显的历史刻痕,即就是为摇摇欲坠的清政府苟延残喘寻找救治良方,他的具体活动也非常清楚,大致有三个方面：政治管理、经济治理和军事准备,这三个方面体现为一个核心问题就是如何实现国家富裕与强大。为了实现这个政治目的,李鸿章认为,通过自上而下的商业观念的转变,以洋务运动为主要经济手段,通过改善经济状况为训练新军和政权稳定提供支撑。他认识到自强和求富之间的关系,就是国富与国强之间的辩证关系。在李鸿章看来,要实现国富与国强,必须是先自强以求富,才能寓强于富,他们之间辩证关系的理论基础在于言利求富的功利论。李鸿章认为,国家利益高于一切,因为一切利益只有在国家利益这个层面上才能体现其真正的价值,民利就是为国利而存在的,国利在李鸿章的意识中并未体现其对民利的保护。就国利和民利的实现途径而言,李鸿章认为就是大力发展军工业与相关产业链,不断积累财富和力量,以达到对封建政权的保护和一定程度上对列强的抵抗。自鸦片战争失败后,开放的通商口岸为洋商的顺利向华倾销打开了通道,这个时候,一部分开明的具有商业经济意识的知识分子发现在军事战争之下,掩藏着资本主义列强通过经济侵华的狼子野心,由于西方经济技术及其管理经营的发达,侵华产品在价格、质量、科技含量、成本和种类上比华商在自然经济形态下手工作坊所生产的商品有着非常明显的竞争力。李鸿章等人提倡兴办洋务就是为了给中国的商品业注入西方资本主义生产因素,以便在竞争中不至于被动挨打,为抵制西方商品倾销做技术上和理念上的准备。其实,这也是“师夷长技以制夷”理念在经济中的实际应用。相对于清朝政府内部的保守派而言,李鸿章算得上是一个改革派,可是与真正借鉴西方政治经济体制成功经验为改革理论之根本的改革派相比,李鸿章却又是一个十足的保守派。如果说重官利轻民利是其社会角色造成的必然结果的话,那么他坚持中体西用则体现其保守之本色,他经济伦理思想的这些特征构成了他充满争议的理论研究话题。李鸿章及其洋务运动之评价,和其经济伦理思想之评价是不同的,作为一种经济伦理思想,李鸿章的那些思想的提出和实践本身既具有一定的社会历史背景,又具有一定的思想认识局限和个人文化传统之影响,以及当时在某种特定历史境遇下他所做的缺乏严肃性但却后果严重的行为。就李鸿章经济伦理思想的积极性而言,李鸿章的经济伦理思想对加速中国近代化进程和推动民族资本主义的发展具有重要作用。消极方面表现为国利大于私利的义利观指导下的官督商办成为民族资本主义发展的桎梏,以及对民族资本的搜刮,不利于后来的资产阶级革命的彻底性,加剧了半殖民地的深化。
[Abstract]:Li Hongzhang is a typical traditional intellectual in the period of historical transformation. A series of economic practices and theoretical elaboration in the movement of the Westernization Movement is a very important economic ethics thought. The origin of its economic ethics is related to the traditional concept of righteousness and interest and the Western business view. The three views of Chinese traditional righteousness and light profit, heavy profit and light meaning, and righteousness and benefit equal weight Nian and Western mercantilism all influence Li Hongzhang's economic ethics.
The main content of Li Hongzhang's economic ethics comes from the practice of the Westernization Movement in the Qing government during the past thirty years. It should be said that his economic ethics is an organic combination of theoretical study and Westernization practice, reflecting the internal and realistic background of his complex thoughts. The dialectical relationship between the state, the people and the interests and the reflection on the economic ethics of foreign trade.
Li Hongzhang has a very obvious historical mark, that is, for the shaky Qing government to find a remedy for treatment, his specific activities are also very clear. There are roughly three aspects: political management, economic governance and military preparation. The three aspects are a core issue of how to realize the country's prosperity and strength. In order to achieve this political goal, Li Hongzhang believes that, through the transformation of the top-down business concept, taking the Westernization Movement as the main economic means and providing support for the training of the new army and the stability of the political power by improving the economic situation, he realizes that the relationship between self strengthening and seeking wealth is the dialectical relationship between the rich and the strength of the country. In Li Hongzhang's view, In order to realize the wealth and the strength of the country, we must strengthen the rich, and the theoretical basis of the dialectical relationship between them lies in the utilitarian theory of wealth. Li Hongzhang believes that the national interests are higher than all, because all interests can only reflect their true value at the level of national interests, and the people's interests exist for the benefit of the country. Guo Li did not reflect his protection of people's interests in Li Hongzhang's consciousness.
In terms of the ways to realize the interests of the nation and the people, Li Hongzhang believed that it was to develop the military industry and the related industrial chain and accumulate wealth and strength to achieve the protection of the feudal regime and to a certain extent to the resistance of the powers.
Since the failure of the Opium War, the open trade port opened the channel for the smooth dumping of foreign merchants in China. At this time, some enlightened intellectuals with commercial economic consciousness found that under the military war, the capitalist powers were hiding the wolf wild heart through the economic invasion of China, and the western economic technology and its management and management. The price, quality, scientific and technological content, the cost and the type of the invading Chinese products are more competitive than those produced by the Chinese merchants in the hand workshops of the natural economy. Li Hongzhang and others advocate the establishment of foreign affairs in order to inject the productive factors of western capital into the Chinese commodity industry so as not to be passive in the competition. In order to resist the dumping of Western goods, we should make technical and conceptual preparations. In fact, this is also the practical application of the idea of "Teacher Yi Long technology to make foreigners" in the economy.
Compared with the conservatives within the Qing government, Li Hongzhang is a reformist, but compared with the reformers who have learned from the successful experience of the western political and economic system as the basis of the reform theory, Li Hongzhang is a complete conservatism. His insisting on "learning from the west" reflects his conservative nature. His characteristics of economic ethics constitute his controversial theoretical research topic.
The evaluation of Li Hongzhang and his westernization movement is different from that of his economic ethics. As a kind of economic ethics thought, the idea and practice of Li Hongzhang have not only a certain social and historical background, but also the influence of certain ideological and cognitive limitations and individual literary tradition, as well as a certain history at that time. In the case of the lack of seriousness but the serious consequences he did, in terms of the enthusiasm of Li Hongzhang's economic ethics thought, Li Hongzhang's economic ethics thought played an important role in accelerating the process of China's modernization and promoting the development of national capitalism. The commercial office has become the shackle of the development of national capitalism and the search for national capital, which is not conducive to the completeness of the later bourgeois revolution and intensifies the deepening of the semi colonies.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：B82-053;F092.6

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