试论清代河南漕运

发布时间：2019-07-06 07:26

【摘要】：河南作为清代有漕八省之一,担负着供给京师及直隶地区粮食的重担。漕运制度涉及面极为广泛,漕粮分配、蠲缓升除、征收兑运、官制船制等问题从不同角度折射了清代河南的社会经济状况。终清一代,河南漕运经历了由盛至衰的历史过程,研究清代河南漕运的制度演变及其与社会经济的互动关系,对我们全面理解清代河南社会的经济风貌有重要意义。清初至嘉庆时期是河南漕运的恢复发展时期。清承明制,漕运制度进一步发展完善。河南漕粮数额多在二十五万石左右,随着历年蠲缓升除额度的不同,漕粮数目也随之变化。河南无运河经过,兑运漕粮主要依靠北部的卫河。在兑运水次上,清初权衡官民交兑利弊,多次变换,最终以内黄县楚旺镇为主要兑运水次。河南无漕船,漕粮运输主要依靠直隶、山东、江南三省帮船协运。河南漕运虽然在这一时期得到了恢复和发展,但其历史地位却大大降低,失去了漕粮转运的枢纽地位,并先于清代漕运的衰落而衰落。道光以后,河南漕运弊病丛生,逐渐走向衰落直至废止。此时漕政败坏,官丁肆意需索,加重农民漕粮负担,激化了漕运体制的内部矛盾,民间抗粮闹漕活动频发。随着漕运弊端的逐步加深和清末内忧外患的加剧,清政府逐步将漕粮折银征收,漕运体制也最终宣告废止。清代河南漕运对社会经济影响较大。河南漕运主要依赖卫河,而卫河本身又是一条重要的灌溉水源,漕运和农田灌溉的矛盾突出。清政府制定了多种方案希望能同时满足漕运和灌溉用水。但在水源有限的情况下,保运往往先于灌田,占据对水源的控制权。清中后期,漕粮折银情况更加频繁,也因是否实物征收而分为“有漕县”和“无漕县”,各地农民的漕粮负担逐渐有了分别,而代购漕粮地区的粮食交易市场也因此发展。清代逐渐放宽了对漕船夹私的限制,在漕运沿途也形成了不少市镇,河南因为无运河经过,所以未有较大的漕运贸易码头,但卫河沿线的道口镇、楚旺镇等也因为漕运取得了一定发展。随着漕运的废止,这些地区的经济也随之衰落。
[Abstract]:Henan, as one of the eight provinces in Qing Dynasty, shouldered the burden of providing grain to Beijing teachers and Zhili areas. The water transport system involves a wide range of issues, such as the distribution of grain, the slow promotion of grain, the collection and exchange of transportation, the official shipping system and so on, which reflects the social and economic situation of Henan in Qing Dynasty from different angles. In the final Qing Dynasty, Henan water transport experienced a historical process from prosperity to decline. It is of great significance for us to fully understand the economic style of Henan society in Qing Dynasty by studying the institutional evolution of Henan water transport in Qing Dynasty and its interactive relationship with social economy. The period from the early Qing Dynasty to Jiaqing was the recovery and development period of Henan water transport. Qing Chengming system, water transport system further developed and improved. The amount of grain in Henan Province is about 250000 stone. With the difference of the amount of grain in Henan Province over the years, the number of grain in Henan Province has also changed. Henan has no canal through, the exchange of grain mainly rely on the north of the Wei River. In the exchange of water, the early Qing Dynasty weighed the advantages and disadvantages of the exchange between the government and the people, changed many times, and finally took Chuwang Town in Neihuang County as the main time of exchange. Henan has no canoe ship, grain transportation mainly depends on Zhili, Shandong, Jiangnan three provinces to help ship transportation. Although Henan water transport has been restored and developed in this period, its historical position has been greatly reduced, lost the hub position of grain transport, and declined before the decline of water transport in Qing Dynasty. After Daoguang, Henan water transport ills abound, gradually declining and abolishing. At this time, the corruption of water administration, the wanton demand of officials, increased the burden of farmers on grain, intensified the internal contradictions of the water transport system, and frequent anti-grain activities. With the gradual deepening of the malpractice of water transport and the aggravation of internal and external problems in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government gradually levied grain exchange silver, and the water transport system was finally abolished. In Qing Dynasty, Henan water transport had a great influence on social economy. Henan water transport mainly depends on Wei River, and Wei River itself is an important irrigation water source, and the contradiction between water transport and farmland irrigation is prominent. The Qing government formulated a variety of programs to meet water transport and irrigation water at the same time. However, in the case of limited water sources, transportation often precedes irrigation, occupying control of the water source. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the situation of grain exchange was more frequent, and it was divided into "Cao County" and "No Caoxian County" because of whether it was collected in kind or not. The grain burden of farmers in various places was gradually different, and the grain trading market in the area where the grain was purchased on behalf of the people's Republic of China developed as a result. In the Qing Dynasty, the restrictions on the smuggling of water ships were gradually relaxed, and many towns were formed along the way. Henan did not have a large water transport trade wharf because of the absence of canals, but Daokou Town and Chuwang Town along the Weihe River also made certain development because of the water transport. With the abolition of water transport, the economies of these areas have declined.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F552.9;K249

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