气候舒适度评价的经验模型:回顾与展望

发布时间：2018-03-31 22:15

本文选题：人体舒适度　切入点：温湿指数　出处：《旅游学刊》2015年12期

【摘要】：气候舒适度表征了人体在外界气象环境综合作用下感觉舒适或不舒适的程度,其对建筑设计、人体健康、旅游活动等均有着重要影响,尤其是对度假旅游地的发展意义深远。气候舒适度研究在其100多年的发展历史中出现过上百个评价模型,总体上可划分为经验模型和机理模型这两个大类。虽然以热平衡方程为基础的机理模型自20世纪60年代产生以来,在气候舒适度评价的"理论研究"中日趋主流,但产生于20世纪20年代的经验模型仍在"实践应用"中占据着半壁江山。然而,由于缺乏对经验模型系统而细致的梳理,在大量"引入性"实践应用中,对模型适用条件的判别分析不足且对评估分级标准也缺乏针对性调整,制约了气候舒适度评价的科学性和实用性。文章力图从发展历程、应用领域、现实局限和未来展望等视角,对气候舒适度评价的经验模型进行较为全面的梳理。研究为经验模型勾勒出一个相对清晰的整体图景,详细阐明了众多经典模型的起源背景、计算公式和适用条件,并明确了这些模型之间的逻辑联系和演进脉络;同时,研究在总结其应用领域和分析其现实局限的基础上,结合气候舒适度评价"经验-机理"的演化态势,进一步提出了融入热交换机理、发展专门化模型、制定针对性标准等3个未来的发展方向。
[Abstract]:Climate comfort represents the degree to which the human body feels comfortable or uncomfortable under the comprehensive action of the external meteorological environment, which has an important impact on architectural design, human health, tourism activities, etc. In particular, it has far-reaching significance for the development of holiday tourist destinations. The study of climate comfort has seen hundreds of evaluation models in its development history of more than 100 years. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two categories: empirical model and mechanism model. Although the mechanism model based on heat balance equation has been becoming more and more popular in the "theoretical study" of climate comfort evaluation since its birth in the 1960s. However, the empirical model, which originated in the 1920s, still occupies half of the "practical application". However, due to the lack of detailed combing of the empirical model system, in a large number of "introduced" practical applications, The lack of discriminant analysis on the applicable conditions of the model and the lack of pertinent adjustment to the evaluation and grading standard restrict the scientific and practical nature of climate comfort evaluation. From the perspective of reality limitation and future prospect, the empirical model of climate comfort evaluation is comprehensively combed. The research provides a relatively clear picture for the empirical model, and explains the origin background of many classical models in detail. The formulas and applicable conditions are calculated, and the logical connection and evolution of these models are clarified. At the same time, based on the summarization of their application fields and the analysis of their practical limitations, Combined with the evolution trend of "experience-mechanism" in climate comfort evaluation, three future development directions are put forward, such as the integration of heat exchange mechanism, the development of specialized model and the establishment of targeted standards.
【作者单位】：华东师范大学地理科学学院;华东师范大学地理信息科学教育部重点实验室;
【基金】：国家重大科学研究计划课题“气候变化下中国区域增长与公平控制”(2012CB955803) 国家社科基金重点项目“我国反季旅游市场潜力的区域差异与开发策略研究”(12AJY008)资助~~
【分类号】：P46;F590

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