旅游与被旅游：大理“洋人街”由来及变迁

发布时间：2018-07-02 08:49

本文选题：旅游与被旅游 + 大理“洋人街”　；参考：《中央民族大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以田野调查为立足点,以“旅游与被旅游”为焦点,以大理“洋人街”由来及变迁为基点展开探讨。大理“洋人街”由来及变迁的整个历程都围绕着旅游：因旅游而生,也因旅游而变,并因旅游而衍生了相应的“被旅游”,即被当做旅游的对象。外国游客、尤其是金发碧眼的“洋人”被我国国内游客旅游——这是“洋人街”发展到高潮阶段及现状的典型体现。面对被旅游,很多外国游客的态度和行为都表现出抵制,他们中有些人认为,“洋人街”被中国游客当作动物园一样旅游,而他们则被当作动物园里的猴子、大猩猩,这对他们来说是极大的不尊重,甚至是冒犯、侮辱。于是,他们便逐渐移向了毗邻的另一条街道：人民路。结果,催生了“新洋人街”在人民路悄然兴起且成为一个新旅游景点!在“新洋人街”,同样地,外国游客又被我国国内游客旅游。如今,“洋人街”是贴了标签的旅游景点。本文的创新点是提出“被旅游”,并将旅游与被旅游置于动态过程中加以考察。指出并分析外国游客是“洋人街“最大的吸引力及被我国国内游客旅游、抵制旅游与反抵制,这是本文最大的亮点。本文从人类学强调的整理观着眼,围绕着大理“洋人街”由来及变迁,以旅游与被旅游如何、为何成为事实为焦点,集中探讨以下三个方面的问题：第一、旅游与被旅游之间的张力。大理“洋人街”上呈现出两对旅游与被旅游的对应关系：一是国内外游客(作为旅游者的一方)与大理包括当地人尤其是白族(“金花”、“阿鹏”)、“洋人街”(作为被旅游的一方)。在此对应关系中,大理“洋人街”,以大理为平台,重心在于“洋人街”。二是我国国内游客与外国游客、尤其是“洋人”。在此对应关系中,以“洋人街”为平台,重心在于“洋人”。这两对对应关系中的两方,都犹如旅游与被旅游这条线上两个相对应的端点,然而由于这两对端点上的各方力量都发挥了不同程度的能动性及影响力,产生了“洋人街”自身的发展变化、抵制被旅游与反抵制、文化意义的生产、消费、支配、抵制和创新等,因此,旅游与被旅游之间存在着的复杂、动态而多元的张力。第二、人类学视域下对旅游与被旅游进行理论分析。旅游是很多因素交叉交织的结果,且“被旅游”是一个新视角,而本文中的旅游与被旅游又以两对对应关系相互作用并处于动态之中,此外,“洋人街”由来及变迁历程自身也是不断发展变化的,因此,某种单一的理论,难以囊括全文加以解释。本文与“游客凝视”、“真实性”、主体、表征、“陌生人”理论、异域情调、“前台、后台及舞台真实”、消费、空间、权力、全球化等理论、观点进行了一些对话,力图在现有的理论资源中,对各章的具体现象和问题做出一些解释及探讨。第三、想象、话语及现实之间的关系。大理被旅游,离不开人们对中国意象、《五朵金花》、《天龙八部》、南方丝绸之路、陈纳德飞虎队往事、“洋人街”等意象的构形、话语的生成及其在大理旅游中所起的作用,这些要素构成了国内外游客对大理的想象因而对整个大理、“洋人街”的旅游意义产生了并产生着举足轻重的影响和作用,而大理、“洋人街”也正是根据这些事实、想象及话语在塑造、打造自己的形象。就此来看,想象、话语实际上是在创造现实,而不仅仅在反映现实。本文绪论中对四个主要概念即大理“洋人街”、“洋人”、“旅游”及“被旅游”做了必要阐释。本文列出了《大理“洋人街”纪事年表(1984年-2012年)》(见附录)以便更清晰地呈现“洋人街”的变迁历程及阶段划分的依据,当然,整个变迁历程在时间轴上是延绵不断的,各阶段之间的分割点是个概数。正文共五章,先从现状写起,然后依次追溯其由来、发展、高潮及转折等,即第一章现状(2011年初-2012年初)：“洋人街”是贴了标签的旅游景点；第二章由来(1984年至1995年)：“洋人街”应运而生；第三章发展(1996年至2002年)：“洋人街”声名鹊起；第四章高潮(2003年-2008年)：外国游客蜕变为国内游客的旅游对象；第五章转折(2008年-2011年初)：“新洋人街”悄然成为旅游景点。最后是结语。
[Abstract]:Taking the field survey as the foothold and focusing on "tourism and tourism", this paper discusses the origin and change of "Foreigner's Street" in Dali. The history of the origin and change of Dali "Foreigner's Street" is around tourism: tourism is born, tourism is also changed, and tourism derives the corresponding "travel", that is to say, "Foreigner's Street" Foreign tourists, especially the blonde blue eyed "foreigner", are traveling by Chinese domestic tourists - this is the typical embodiment of the development of "Foreigner's Street" to the climax and current situation. In the face of tourism, many foreign tourists have shown a resistance to their attitude and behavior. Some of them believe that "Foreigner's Street" is a Chinese tourist. As a zoo, they were used as a zoo, and they were regarded as monkeys and gorillas in the zoo. It was a great disrespect, even offense and insult to them. So, they gradually moved to the other street adjacent to the people's road. As a result, the "new ocean Man Street" was born quietly and became a new tourist attraction. In the "New Ocean Street", similarly, foreign tourists are being visited by domestic tourists. Nowadays, "Foreigner's Street" is a tagged tourist attraction.
The innovation point of this paper is to put forward "travel" and to study tourism and tourism in the dynamic process. It is the biggest attraction of this article to point out and analyze the biggest attraction of "Foreigner's Street" and the domestic tourist attraction of our country, and resist tourism and anti boycott.
This article, from the view of the anthropological emphasis, focuses on the origin and change of "Foreigner's Street" in Dali, and focuses on the following three aspects: how tourism and tourism are taken and why they become the focus.
First, the tension between tourism and tourism. Dali "Foreigner's Street" shows the corresponding relationship between two pairs of tourism and Tourism: first, the domestic and foreign tourists (as a tourist) and Dali including the local people, especially the Bai people ("Golden Flower", "A Peng"), "Foreigner's Street" (as a party to be traveling). "Foreigner's Street", taking Dali as the platform, the center of gravity is "Foreigner's Street". Two is our domestic tourists and foreign tourists, especially the "foreigners". In this corresponding relationship, "Foreigner's Street" is the platform and the center of gravity is "the foreigner". The two pairs of the corresponding relations are just like the two opposite ends of tourism and tourism. However, because of the different levels of power and influence on the two pairs of endpoints, the development and changes of "Foreigner's Street" itself, the resistance to tourism and anti boycott, the production, consumption, domination, resistance and innovation of the cultural significance are resisted. Therefore, the complex, dynamic and pluralistic tension exists between tourism and tourism. Power.
Second, from the anthropological perspective, tourism and tourism are theoretically analyzed. Tourism is the result of many factors intertwined, and "travel" is a new perspective, while tourism and tourism in this article interact with two corresponding relations and are in the dynamic. In addition, the origin and evolution of "Foreigner's Street" itself is also continuous. A single theory, therefore, is difficult to explain. This article talks with the theory of "visitor gaze", "authenticity", subject, representation, "stranger" theory, exotic tone, "front desk, backstage and stage reality", consumption, space, power, globalization and other theories. In the source, we make some explanations and discussions on the specific phenomena and problems of each chapter.
The third is the relationship between imagination, discourse and reality. Dali's tourism is inseparable from the image of China, the "five golden flowers", "the dragon eight", the Southern Silk Road, the past events of the Chenault flying tiger team, the formation of "Foreigner's Street", the formation of the discourse and its role in Dali's tourism, which constitute the big tourists both at home and abroad. Therefore, the imagination of the whole Dali, "Foreigner's Street" has a significant impact and effect on the tourism significance, and Dali, "Foreigner's Street" is also based on these facts, imagination and discourse are shaping and creating their own image.
In the introduction of this article, the four main concepts, namely, Dali "Foreigner's Street", "foreign man", "tourism" and "travel", are explained. This article lists the chronology of the Dali "Foreigner's Street" Chronicle (1984) > (see Appendix) so as to make a clearer presentation of the change course and the basis for the division of the "Foreigner's Street", of course, the whole change. The course is continuous on the time axis, the segmentation point between each stage is an overview. The text is five chapters, first from the status quo, and then retroactive its origin, development, climax and turning, that is, the first chapter of the status (early in 2011 -2012): "Foreigner's Street" is a tagged tourist attractions; the second chapter (1984 to 1995): "Foreigner's Street" came into being; the third chapter development (1996 to 2002): "Foreigner's Street" fame magpie; fourth chapter climax (2003 -2008): foreign tourists transformed into domestic tourists, the fifth chapter (2008, -2011): "Xinyang Street" quietly become a tourist attraction. Finally the conclusion.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F592.7

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