生态安全视角下的环京津贫困带土地利用冲突时空演变研究
发布时间：2018-09-07 18:03
【摘要】：土地利用冲突研究是土地科学研究的前沿问题,近30年来随着城镇化和工业化进程的快速推进,中国土地利用格局发生剧烈变化,人与自然之间、生产与生活活动之间以及生态系统内部均存在不尽协调的矛盾,经济社会可持续发展与区域生态安全面临严峻挑战,土地利用冲突日益凸显,如何应对土地利用冲突成为区域土地利用与管理、生态保护等领域中亟待解决的问题。本研究立足于生态安全和生态经济协调发展的现实需求,基于生态安全视角,界定土地利用冲突概念与内涵,借鉴生态学、地理学、土地科学等学科的相关理论与方法,构建生态安全视角下的土地利用冲突识别、分类与强度测度方法体系,选取地处农牧交错带兼具京津地区重要生态屏障和供水源地作用的环京津贫困带作为研究区,基于“3S”技术,融合遥感影像、站点观测、统计资料、实地调研等多源数据,综合运用数理统计、GIS空间分析、空间计量模型、地理加权回归、最小累积阻力模型、Markov-CLUE-S等模型方法,系统分析生态安全视角下的土地利用冲突时空演变及其驱动机制,模拟未来不同情景下土地利用冲突空间格局,可为土地利用管理和生态基础设施建设提供科学依据,也可为全球土地研究计划提供典型区域案例,有助于丰富和扩展土地变化科学的研究内容与应用范围。(1)根据国内外土地利用冲突研究的相关成果,基于生态安全视角,界定土地利用冲突概念与内涵。生态安全视角下,土地利用冲突可理解为农业耕作、经济建设等人类经济活动对生态安全空间的占用,主要表现为耕地、建设用地空间格局与生态安全空间之间的竞争、矛盾与不和谐的空间关系,即耕地、建设用地空间与生态安全空间之间的错配重叠。生态安全空间是指提供水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙和生物多样性等重要生态功能以及对外界干扰具有特殊敏感性或潜在自然灾害影响,极易受到人类活动影响而产生负面生态效应的区域,按其对人类开发和干扰敏感程度可以划分为不同等级。(2)立足于生态安全和生态经济协调发展的现实需求,结合区域自然地理及资源环境特征,诊断区域主要生态过程与生态问题,辨析区域关键生态过程和主导生态功能,借鉴生态保护红线划定技术方法,利用GIS技术及CASA、RUSLE、RWEQ、InVEST等生态学方法模型,进行水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性保护等关键生态系统服务功能重要性评价以及水土流失、地质灾害敏感性评价,构建生态重要性、生态敏感性空间格局,助GIS空间分析功能,将生态重要性空间格局与生态敏感性空间格局进行叠加,根据等级最高原则,运用析取运算法,提取生态重要性、生态敏感性等级最高的栅格单元,划定生态保护红线,作为生态源地,运用最小累积阻力模型(MCR)构建生态安全格局,划分不同等级生态安全水平空间。根据人类经济活动空间与不同等级生态安全水平空间的矛盾关系,辨识土地利用冲突的表征属性特征及表现形式,判识土地利用冲突空间格局和类型,运用判别矩阵构建土地利用冲突分类体系。基于不同土地利用冲突类型的空间分布格局,划定适宜的格网,综合集成专家打分、层次分析、综合指数等方法模型,结合GIS叠置分析功能,构建土地利用冲突强度综合指数,测度土地利用冲突强度。(3)综合运用数理统计、空间分析、空间统计等方法模型分析环京津贫困带土地利用冲突时空演变及其驱动机制。1985-2015年环京津贫困带土地利用冲突时空分异特征显著。①从土地利用冲突类型方面来看,1985-2015年耕地冲突面积先增大后减小,耕地极严重、严重冲突主要分布于张家口坝上高原区、坝下西部地区和承德东部地区,在张家口张北、沽源、万全、怀安、阳原、蔚县和承德平泉、承德县境内分布集中;建设用地冲突面积持续增大,建设用地极严重冲突分布较为分散,各区县均为分布,严重、较严重冲突主要分布于张家口西部和承德南部地区,在张家口万全、怀安县和承德兴隆、围城县呈现小规模集聚,并呈现向山区扩展趋势。②从土地利用冲突强度方面来看,1985-2015年耕地冲突强度先增大后减小,耕地重度冲突区主要分布于张家口坝下地区,在张家口怀安、阳原、蔚县境内集聚,并呈现向张家口西部、北部集聚趋势;高度、重度冲突区向坝上高原西部地区和承德东部地区集聚,集中分布于张家口康保、尚义县和承德隆化、承德县。建设用地高度、中度冲突区向市区及周边区域集聚,集中分布于张家口桥东区、桥西区、宣化区、万全县、怀安县和承德双桥区。③从土地利用冲突的地形梯度特征方面来看,耕地、建设用地冲突的地形梯度格局基本一致,低地形梯度区是耕地、建设用地极严重冲突和严重冲突的主要分布区,该区域耕地、建设用地冲突强度差异显著。(4) 土地利用冲突时空分异演变是自然地理环境、社会经济因素和政策因素共同作用的结果。在格网尺度上,地形条件、地理区位条件对土地利用冲突空间分异影响显著,地形位指数、距主要河流的距离、距主要道路的距离、距县城中心的距离、距乡镇中心的距离是影响土地利用冲突空间分异的关键因子;在县域尺度上,有效灌溉率、自然灾害成灾率、人口密度、经济密度、城镇化水平、第二三产业比重、农民人均纯收入、造林面积、生态退耕面积是耕地冲突强度时空分异的关键影响因子,人口密度、经济密度、城镇化水平、地均固定资产投资、农民人均纯收入、路网密度、生态退耕面积、政策种类数是影响建设用地冲突强度时空分异的关键因子。(5)设计土地利用规划、自然发展、生态保护、耕地保护4种土地利用情景,运用Markov-CLUE-S模型模拟不同情景下土地利用冲突空间格局。结果发现,不同区县适宜采用不同的土地利用情景,崇礼县适合采用土地利用规划情景,蔚县适合采用耕地保护情景,其余各区县都适宜采用生态保护情景;不同地形梯度区的理想土地利用情景有所不同,第1-5级地形梯度区适宜采用土地利用规划情景,第5-10级地形梯度区适宜采用自然发展情景,第11-15级地形梯度区四种土地利用情景下土地利用冲突强度不存在明显差别。本研究从栅格、格网、县域行政单元尺度,开展生态安全视角下的环京津贫困带土地利用冲突研究,实现了土地利用冲突研究的定量化、定位化和精确化,为区域土地资源管理、生态安全保障和生态经济协调发展提供科学依据。
[Abstract]:Land use conflict research is a frontier issue in land science research. With the rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization in the past 30 years, the land use pattern in China has undergone drastic changes. There are inconsistent contradictions between man and nature, between production and life activities and within the ecosystem, and between the sustainable development of economy and society and regions. Regional ecological security is facing severe challenges and land use conflicts are becoming increasingly prominent. How to deal with land use conflicts has become an urgent problem in the fields of regional land use and management, ecological protection and so on. Concepts and connotations, drawing on the relevant theories and methods of ecology, geography, land science and other disciplines, the land use conflict identification, classification and intensity measurement method system from the perspective of ecological security is constructed. The poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin, located in the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is selected as the study area, which has the function of both the important ecological barrier and the water supply source. Based on the "3S" technology, the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict under the perspective of ecological security and its relationship with ecological security are systematically analyzed by using mathematical statistics, GIS spatial analysis, spatial econometric model, geographically weighted regression, minimum cumulative resistance model, Markov-CLUE-S and other models. Driving mechanism, simulating the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios in the future, can provide scientific basis for land use management and ecological infrastructure construction, and can also provide typical regional cases for global land research projects, which will help to enrich and expand the research content and application scope of land change science. (1) According to land interests at home and abroad. From the perspective of ecological security, land use conflict can be interpreted as the occupancy of ecological security space by human economic activities such as agricultural cultivation and economic construction, mainly between cultivated land, construction land spatial pattern and ecological security space. Competition, contradiction and disharmonious spatial relations, i.e. the mismatch and overlap between cultivated land, construction land space and ecological security space. Areas affected by human activities and producing negative ecological effects can be divided into different levels according to their sensitivity to human development and disturbance. (2) Based on the actual needs of ecological security and coordinated development of ecological economy, combined with regional physical geography and resource and environmental characteristics, the main ecological processes and ecological problems of the region are diagnosed and analyzed. Regional key ecological processes and dominant ecological functions, drawing on the red line delineation technology of ecological protection, using GIS technology and CASA, RUSLE, RWEQ, InVEST and other ecological method models, the importance of key ecosystem services such as water conservation, soil conservation, wind and sand control, biodiversity protection, soil erosion and geological hazard sensitivity were evaluated. Establishing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity to help the spatial analysis function of GIS, superimposing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity, extracting the grid units with the highest ecological importance and ecological sensitivity by disjunction arithmetic according to the highest grade principle, and delimiting the red line of ecological protection. As an ecological source, the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) is used to construct the ecological security pattern and divide the ecological security level space of different levels. Based on the spatial distribution pattern of different land use conflict types, the appropriate grid is delineated, and the models of expert scoring, hierarchical analysis and comprehensive index are integrated. Combined with the overlay analysis function of GIS, the comprehensive index of land use conflict intensity is constructed and the soil is measured. Land use conflict intensity. (3) Comprehensive use of mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, spatial statistics and other methods to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict in the poverty-stricken areas around Beijing and Tianjin and its driving mechanism. The conflict area increases first and then decreases. The cultivated land is very serious. The serious conflict mainly distributes in the Zhangjiakou Bashang Plateau area, the western area under the dam and the eastern area of Chengde. Sudden distribution is more dispersed, districts and counties are distributed, serious, more serious conflicts are mainly distributed in the western Zhangjiakou and southern Chengde, in Zhangjiakou Wanquan, Huaian County and Chengde Xinglong, besieged counties show a small-scale agglomeration, and the trend of expansion to the mountains. 2 From the land use conflict intensity, 1985-2015 farmland conflict intensity. The serious conflict area of cultivated land mainly distributes under the Zhangjiakou dam, gathers in Huai'an, Yangyuan and Yuxian of Zhangjiakou, and tends to gather in the West and north of Zhangjiakou. Construction land height, moderate conflict zone to urban areas and surrounding areas, concentrated in Zhangjiakou Qiaodong District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, Wanquan County, Huaian County and Chengde Shuangqiao District. Gradient area is the main distribution area of cultivated land, construction land extremely serious conflict and serious conflict. The intensity of conflict between cultivated land and construction land in this area is significantly different. (4) The evolution of land use conflict is the result of the interaction of natural geographical environment, socio-economic factors and policy factors. The key factors affecting spatial differentiation of land use conflicts are topographic location index, distance from main rivers, distance from main roads, distance from county center, distance from town center, and distance from town center. The degree of urbanization, the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, the per capita net income of farmers, afforestation area and the area of ecological conversion are the key factors affecting the spatio-temporal differentiation of the intensity of cultivated land conflicts. Population density, economic density, urbanization level, land-per-capita investment in fixed assets, per capita net income of farmers, density of road network, area of ecological conversion of farmland, and number of policy types are the key factors affecting the construction of cultivated land (5) Four land use scenarios, including land use planning, natural development, ecological protection and cultivated land protection, were designed to simulate the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios using Markov-CLUE-S model. Utilizing land use planning scenarios, Yuxian is suitable for cultivated land protection scenarios, and other districts and counties are suitable for ecological protection scenarios; the ideal land use scenarios in different terrain gradient areas are different, the first-fifth terrain gradient area is suitable for land use planning scenarios, the fifth-tenth terrain gradient area is suitable for natural development scenarios, and the eleventh-eleventh-eleventh terrain gradient area is suitable for natural There is no significant difference in the intensity of land use conflict among the four land use scenarios in the 5-grade terrain gradient area.This study carried out land use conflict research in the poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin from the perspective of ecological security at the scale of grid, grid and county administrative unit. Scientific basis is provided for resource management, ecological safety guarantee and coordinated development of ecological economy.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F301.2
，
本文编号：2229012
[Abstract]:Land use conflict research is a frontier issue in land science research. With the rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization in the past 30 years, the land use pattern in China has undergone drastic changes. There are inconsistent contradictions between man and nature, between production and life activities and within the ecosystem, and between the sustainable development of economy and society and regions. Regional ecological security is facing severe challenges and land use conflicts are becoming increasingly prominent. How to deal with land use conflicts has become an urgent problem in the fields of regional land use and management, ecological protection and so on. Concepts and connotations, drawing on the relevant theories and methods of ecology, geography, land science and other disciplines, the land use conflict identification, classification and intensity measurement method system from the perspective of ecological security is constructed. The poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin, located in the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry, is selected as the study area, which has the function of both the important ecological barrier and the water supply source. Based on the "3S" technology, the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict under the perspective of ecological security and its relationship with ecological security are systematically analyzed by using mathematical statistics, GIS spatial analysis, spatial econometric model, geographically weighted regression, minimum cumulative resistance model, Markov-CLUE-S and other models. Driving mechanism, simulating the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios in the future, can provide scientific basis for land use management and ecological infrastructure construction, and can also provide typical regional cases for global land research projects, which will help to enrich and expand the research content and application scope of land change science. (1) According to land interests at home and abroad. From the perspective of ecological security, land use conflict can be interpreted as the occupancy of ecological security space by human economic activities such as agricultural cultivation and economic construction, mainly between cultivated land, construction land spatial pattern and ecological security space. Competition, contradiction and disharmonious spatial relations, i.e. the mismatch and overlap between cultivated land, construction land space and ecological security space. Areas affected by human activities and producing negative ecological effects can be divided into different levels according to their sensitivity to human development and disturbance. (2) Based on the actual needs of ecological security and coordinated development of ecological economy, combined with regional physical geography and resource and environmental characteristics, the main ecological processes and ecological problems of the region are diagnosed and analyzed. Regional key ecological processes and dominant ecological functions, drawing on the red line delineation technology of ecological protection, using GIS technology and CASA, RUSLE, RWEQ, InVEST and other ecological method models, the importance of key ecosystem services such as water conservation, soil conservation, wind and sand control, biodiversity protection, soil erosion and geological hazard sensitivity were evaluated. Establishing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity to help the spatial analysis function of GIS, superimposing the spatial pattern of ecological importance and ecological sensitivity, extracting the grid units with the highest ecological importance and ecological sensitivity by disjunction arithmetic according to the highest grade principle, and delimiting the red line of ecological protection. As an ecological source, the minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR) is used to construct the ecological security pattern and divide the ecological security level space of different levels. Based on the spatial distribution pattern of different land use conflict types, the appropriate grid is delineated, and the models of expert scoring, hierarchical analysis and comprehensive index are integrated. Combined with the overlay analysis function of GIS, the comprehensive index of land use conflict intensity is constructed and the soil is measured. Land use conflict intensity. (3) Comprehensive use of mathematical statistics, spatial analysis, spatial statistics and other methods to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of land use conflict in the poverty-stricken areas around Beijing and Tianjin and its driving mechanism. The conflict area increases first and then decreases. The cultivated land is very serious. The serious conflict mainly distributes in the Zhangjiakou Bashang Plateau area, the western area under the dam and the eastern area of Chengde. Sudden distribution is more dispersed, districts and counties are distributed, serious, more serious conflicts are mainly distributed in the western Zhangjiakou and southern Chengde, in Zhangjiakou Wanquan, Huaian County and Chengde Xinglong, besieged counties show a small-scale agglomeration, and the trend of expansion to the mountains. 2 From the land use conflict intensity, 1985-2015 farmland conflict intensity. The serious conflict area of cultivated land mainly distributes under the Zhangjiakou dam, gathers in Huai'an, Yangyuan and Yuxian of Zhangjiakou, and tends to gather in the West and north of Zhangjiakou. Construction land height, moderate conflict zone to urban areas and surrounding areas, concentrated in Zhangjiakou Qiaodong District, Qiaoxi District, Xuanhua District, Wanquan County, Huaian County and Chengde Shuangqiao District. Gradient area is the main distribution area of cultivated land, construction land extremely serious conflict and serious conflict. The intensity of conflict between cultivated land and construction land in this area is significantly different. (4) The evolution of land use conflict is the result of the interaction of natural geographical environment, socio-economic factors and policy factors. The key factors affecting spatial differentiation of land use conflicts are topographic location index, distance from main rivers, distance from main roads, distance from county center, distance from town center, and distance from town center. The degree of urbanization, the proportion of secondary and tertiary industries, the per capita net income of farmers, afforestation area and the area of ecological conversion are the key factors affecting the spatio-temporal differentiation of the intensity of cultivated land conflicts. Population density, economic density, urbanization level, land-per-capita investment in fixed assets, per capita net income of farmers, density of road network, area of ecological conversion of farmland, and number of policy types are the key factors affecting the construction of cultivated land (5) Four land use scenarios, including land use planning, natural development, ecological protection and cultivated land protection, were designed to simulate the spatial pattern of land use conflict under different scenarios using Markov-CLUE-S model. Utilizing land use planning scenarios, Yuxian is suitable for cultivated land protection scenarios, and other districts and counties are suitable for ecological protection scenarios; the ideal land use scenarios in different terrain gradient areas are different, the first-fifth terrain gradient area is suitable for land use planning scenarios, the fifth-tenth terrain gradient area is suitable for natural development scenarios, and the eleventh-eleventh-eleventh terrain gradient area is suitable for natural There is no significant difference in the intensity of land use conflict among the four land use scenarios in the 5-grade terrain gradient area.This study carried out land use conflict research in the poverty-stricken zone around Beijing and Tianjin from the perspective of ecological security at the scale of grid, grid and county administrative unit. Scientific basis is provided for resource management, ecological safety guarantee and coordinated development of ecological economy.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F301.2
，
本文编号：2229012
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