中国甘蔗种植环节机械化影响因素研究

发布时间：2018-11-10 17:48

【摘要】：食糖作为国家的重要战略物资,其90%以上来源于蔗糖。甘蔗生产直接关系到中国食糖的基本供给能力。近几年,随着国外食糖市场的冲击、农业劳动力成本的上升,中国糖业面临行业性亏损,严重影响到中国食糖的安全供给和社会稳定。推进甘蔗生产机械化,降低甘蔗生产成本,提高劳动生产率成为解决以上问题的关键。中国政府通过建设示范基地、实行补贴政策、规范技术标准等方式提高了甘蔗生产的机械化水平,且已取得显著成效。然而,甘蔗种植环节和收获环节的机械化仍是难以得到普及。种植环节机械化是收获环节机械化的基础,其复杂性远低于收获环节的机械化。那么,为什么中国甘蔗种植环节机械化水平还是比较低?在中国农户小规模经营体制下,研究甘蔗种植机械化的影响因素以及各个因素在不同机械化种植方式中的影响差异,成为探索如何推进甘蔗种植机械化发展的关键。本文主要以中国甘蔗种植户为研究对象,从生产要素视角分析中国甘蔗种植机械化的发展现状,明确机械化种植比人工种植更具成本和效率优势;基于农户行为理论,归纳中国甘蔗种植机械化的影响因素以及影响因素之间的相互关系,形成较为完整的理论框架;进而运用实证分析方法研究这些因素的影响程度以及因素之间的交互作用,同时,深入分析不同程度的关键因素在多样化种植方式中的影响差异,并重点研究如何推进甘蔗种植全程机械化的问题。主要研究结论如下:第一,中国甘蔗机械化种植比人工种植更具优势,且全程机械化种植方式的优势更为显著。中国甘蔗种植机械与劳动力的替代弹性为0.15,说明两者存在替代关系,即中国的甘蔗种植可以利用种植机械代替劳动力以弥补因劳动力价格上涨所带来的总成本的提高;甘蔗种植机械对劳动力进行替代,都有利于农户甘蔗收入和家庭总收入的提高,说明中国应加快甘蔗种植机械化的发展以促进农民收入的增长;全程机械化种植方式比其他机械化种植方式更具成本和效率优势,比纯人工种植的效率高于5倍以上,且能节约每亩种植成本177.15元。第二,影响中国甘蔗种植机械化的关键因素为甘蔗专业化程度、总体土地质量、是否为平原,且总体土地质量与其他因素之间具有明显的交互效应。即总体土地质量与年龄、农业劳动力数量占劳动力总数比重、是否为平原、机械作业价格、家庭人均收入具有正向的交互效应,而与甘蔗收入比重具有负向的交互效应。第三,土地细碎化、家庭人均收入、受教育程度在不同机械化种植方式中的影响具有差异。对于平均地块面积在10亩以上的种植户,土地细碎化对其是否采用机械种植甘蔗的影响并不显著;土地细碎化并未阻碍低层次机械化种植方式之间的相互转换;平均地块面积在5～10亩之间时,土地细碎化对甘蔗种植全程机械化的影响并未起到阻碍作用。对低收入水平的农户来讲,提高家庭人均收入有利于促进甘蔗种植机械化的发展,而对高收入水平的农户则不具有显著影响。当家庭决策者的受教育程度在小学及以下时,受教育程度在农户是否采用机械种植甘蔗和不同机械化种植方式中都具有显著的作用,而在初中及以上时则基本都不太显著。第四,影响中国甘蔗种植全程机械化的关键因素为农户是否参加农机培训、是否加入农机合作社、甘蔗收入比重。同时,实现甘蔗种植全程机械化应结合长短期目标,短期可改变其他条件以适应种植机械的应用,长期则应是促进种植机械技术的研发以适应不同需求者的使用。
[Abstract]:Sugar is an important strategic material of the country, more than 90% of which is derived from sucrose. The production of sugar cane is directly related to the basic supply of sugar in China. In recent years, with the impact of the foreign sugar market and the rise of the agricultural labor cost, the sugar industry in China faces the industry loss, which seriously affects the safe supply and social stability of the sugar in China. It is the key to solve the above problems by promoting the mechanization of sugarcane production, reducing the production cost of sugar cane and improving the labor productivity. The Chinese government has raised the mechanization level of sugar cane production through the construction of demonstration bases, subsidies policies and technical standards, and has achieved remarkable results. However, the mechanization of the cultivation and harvesting of the sugar cane is still difficult to achieve. Mechanization of planting links is the basis of the mechanization of harvesting links, and its complexity is far lower than that of harvesting. So, why is China's sugar cane growing level still lower? Under the small-scale operation system of the Chinese farmers, the influence factors of the sugarcane planting mechanization and the influence of the factors in the different mechanized planting methods are studied, and the key to how to advance the mechanization of the sugarcane planting is to be explored. In this paper, the present situation of the development of sugarcane planting mechanization in China is analyzed from the perspective of production factors, and the cost and efficiency advantage of the mechanized planting is more and more efficient than that of the artificial planting, and based on the theory of the farmer's behavior, The paper summarizes the influence factors of the sugarcane planting mechanization in China and the relationship between the factors, and forms a more complete theoretical framework, and then uses the empirical analysis method to study the influence degree of these factors and the interaction among the factors, at the same time, In this paper, the influence of the key factors of different degree in different planting methods is analyzed, and the problem of how to advance the mechanization of the whole process of sugarcane planting is emphasized. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the mechanized planting of sugarcane in China is more advantageous than that of artificial planting, and the advantages of the whole process of mechanized planting are more significant. The substitution elasticity of the Chinese sugarcane planting machinery and the labor force is 0. 15, which indicates that the alternative relationship exists, that is, the sugarcane planting in China can replace the labor force by using the planting machinery to make up for the increase of the total cost caused by the rising of the labor force, and the sugar cane planting machine can replace the labor force, is beneficial to the improvement of the income of the sugar cane and the total income of the household, and illustrates that China should accelerate the development of the mechanization of the sugarcane planting to promote the growth of the farmers' income, and the whole-process mechanical planting mode is more cost and more efficient than other mechanized planting modes, the efficiency is more than 5 times higher than that of the pure artificial planting, and the planting cost per mu can be saved by 177.15 yuan. Second, the key factors that affect the mechanization of sugarcane planting in China are the degree of specialization of the sugarcane, the total land quality, whether it is the plain, and the overall land quality and other factors have a clear interaction effect. That is, the total land mass and age, the number of agricultural labor force and the proportion of the total labor force, whether it is the plain, the mechanical operation price, the household per capita income has a positive interaction effect, and the proportion of the income of the sugar cane has a negative interaction effect. Third, the impact of land fragmentation, household per capita income and the degree of education in different mechanized planting modes is different. For the planting households with an average parcel area of more than 10 mu, the effect of the land fine crushing on whether to use the mechanical planting sugar cane is not obvious; the land fine crushing does not hinder the mutual conversion between the low-level mechanized planting mode; and when the average land parcel area is between 5 and 10 mu, The effect of the fine-crushing of the land on the whole-course mechanization of the sugarcane planting has not been hindered. For the low-income households, the improvement of the per capita income of the household is beneficial to the development of the mechanization of the sugarcane planting, while the farmers with high income level do not have a significant impact. When the degree of education of the family decision-maker is at the primary and the following, the degree of education is very significant in the case of whether the farmer uses the mechanical planting of the sugar cane and the different mechanized planting modes, and is substantially less significant in the middle school and above. Fourth, the key factors that affect the mechanization of the whole process of sugarcane planting in China are whether the farmers participate in the agricultural machinery training, and whether the agricultural machinery cooperative and the sugar cane income are added. At the same time, the whole-process mechanization of the sugarcane planting should be combined with the long-term goal, and other conditions can be changed in the short-term to adapt to the application of the planting machinery, and the long-term development should be to promote the research and development of the planting machinery technology to adapt to the use of different demanders.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F326.13;F323.3

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