论中国民事立法的观念变革

发布时间：2018-05-30 01:39

本文选题：民事立法 + 法典化　；参考：《吉林大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以中国民事立法的观念变革为研究对象,以大陆法系和英美法系国家民事立法的观念变革为参照系,综合运用法律系统论和比较法的方法对作为参照系的两大法系中典型的国家民事立法观念的形成与发展进行分析,在此基础上运用法律系统论对中国民事立法的历史发展和现实经验进行分析,从而得出中国民事立法的观念应当是从无条件地接受大陆法系的法典化观念到在当代以实用为导向的民事立法的体系化观念。本文的研究目的是为当代中国民事立法提供一个建基于对当代中国民事立法经验分析基础上的民事立法的体系化观念,它融会两大法系各自的优势,可以有力地促进中国民事立法、民事司法和民法学的发展。从大陆法系两部具有典范意义的民法典形成过程,可以清晰地发现作为民法系统运行对象的民法典是民法系统与政治系统和经济系统发生结构性耦合后民法系统自身发展的产物。当民法系统的外部环境发生变化后,民法系统的认知性会将这种变化引入民法系统内部,民法系统会将这种变化通过司法和立法表现出来。大陆法系的民法法典化运动是17世纪以来的政治、经济、科学、哲学等在民法领域发生作用的反应,法国与德国民法典正是这种系统运动的产品。到了20世纪中后期,对于大陆法系民事立法的法典化起到影响的外部环境发生了深刻地变化,民法典中的特定内容不断地被立法机关通过单行法的方式去实现特殊的目的,即便是在司法实践中,民法典也必须依赖法官的法律解释,甚至创制新的规则以解决复杂的纠纷,大陆法系国家的民法典面临着法典化的危机。尽管它们或是通过将判例和单行法整合到民法典的方式,或是通过创制新法典的方式以继续保持民法典在民事生活中宪法的地位,但这不过是对过去荣光的怀念,大陆法系国家的民事立法的观念在这一系列的适应性动作中发生了变化。我国自清末变法选择了民事立法的法典化之路后,民国政府也坚持了法典化的道路,但法典运行所需要的环境并不具备,直至台湾地区在20世纪60年代经济腾飞之时,经过近半个世纪磨合的民法典才在台湾地区经济社会发展中发挥出重要作用,同时台湾地区民法典也同样面临大陆法系中国家的民法典同样的危机,也到了应该变革民事立法观念的边界。新中国成立后,出于政治上的“一边倒”,在民事立法方面也学习前苏联,意图完成自己的民法典,但当时的法律系统对政治系统的从属关系,以及当时经系统采纳的计划经济对于平等主体之间交易的排斥,不具备产生民法的条件,因此尽管几次意图制定民法典,但都未能实现。改革开放后,立法机关本着实事求是的原则不断的以单行法的方式制定各类与经济社会发展相适应的民事立法。经过多年的努力,中国建成了与大陆法系国家民法涵盖内容基本一致的民事法律体系,同时通过最高司法机关的司法解释工作,使中国的民事立法在具备体系性的同时,具备适度的开放性。从这个意义上说,中国民事立法的法典化观念在改革开放以后已经事实上的转变为民事立法的体系化观念。为了更好的实现民事立法的体系化观念带来的益处,应当及时的整理现有的民法体系,梳理体系中民事法律之间的关系,补充不健全的部分,改造已存在的部分,形成以《民法通则》为基本法,其他民事法律为特别法的民事法律体系,并保持民法体系结构的开放性,根据实际需要由立法机关在民事基本法的框架内制定实现特定目的的民事单行法。民事立法的体系化观念指导下形成的民事法律体系是民法系统运行的对象,在民法系统内运行的民法教义学也与概念法学、利益法学、评价法学状态指导下的民法教义学有着明显区别。民法系统内运行的民法教义学在民法系统内部通过系统的认知性生产复杂性,这个过程推动了民法系统的进化,进而推动民事法律体系的发展。民事立法的体系化观念对于民法学的发展还体现在对于法源论的认识,在民法系统中通过认知性可以引入其他系统的规范,并通过法院的司法活动使其产生法律效力,这有助于缓解目前民法学对于非正式法律渊源类型不确定的认识。本文的创新之处包括三方面。一是在研究中运用了法律系统论作为重要的分析工具。法律系统具备运行上的封闭性与认知上的开放性,法律系统通过对其他系统的信息的认知,推进自身演进。将法律系统论用于研究民事立法的观念变革可以比较清晰地说明民事法律在系统间结构性耦合运动中的发展变迁过程。二是在总结新中国建国以来,尤其是改革开放后制定民事立法经验的基础上,提出当代中国民事立法的观念是以唯物辩证法指导的实用主义为其理论内核的民事立法的体系化观念。三是以民事立法的体系化观念具有的基础价值统一、内部逻辑统一等特性为指导,以现行民事法律为基础,建立起以《民法通则》为民事法律体系的基本法,其他民事法律在《民法通则》指导下规范特定领域的民事法律体系。
[Abstract]:This paper, taking the concept of Chinese civil legislation as the research object, takes the concept of civil legislation in civil law and Anglo American law countries as the reference frame, and analyzes the formation and development of the typical national civil legislation concept in the two legal systems which are the reference system by using the method of legal system and comparative law. Using the legal system theory to analyze the historical development and practical experience of China's civil legislation, it is concluded that the concept of Chinese civil legislation should be a systematized concept of civil law from the civil law to the civil legislation in the contemporary era without conditions. The purpose of this study is to make civil legislation in Contemporary China. It provides a systematic concept of civil legislation based on the analysis of the experience of contemporary China's civil legislation. It integrates the advantages of the two legal systems, and can effectively promote the development of civil legislation, civil and civil law in China. It can be clearly found from the formation of the typical civil code of the two parts of the continental law system. The civil code, which is the object of the civil law system, is the product of the civil law system itself after the civil system and the structural coupling of the political system and the economic system. When the external environment of the civil law system changes, the cognition of the civil law system will introduce this change into the civil law system, and the civil law system will pass the change through the Department. The law and legislation show that the civil law codification movement of the continental law system is the reaction of the political, economic, scientific, philosophical, and so on in the civil law since seventeenth Century. The French and German civil code is the product of this kind of system movement. In the late twentieth Century, the civil law of the civil law system has an influence on the codification of the civil law. Profound changes have taken place. The specific contents of the civil code are constantly being carried out by the legislative organs through the way of the single line. Even in the judicial practice, the civil code must also rely on the legal interpretation of the judges, even create new rules to solve complex disputes. The civil code of the civil law countries faces the codification of the civil code. The concept of civil law in civil law countries has occurred in this series of adaptations, although they are either through the integration of the precedents and the unilateral law into the civil code or by creating the new code to maintain the constitutional status of the civil code in the civil life, but this is only the memory of the past glory. Since the reform of the late Qing Dynasty, China has chosen the codification road of civil legislation, the government of the Republic of China also adhered to the road of codification, but the environment needed for the operation of the code was not available until the economic development of Taiwan in the 1960s, after nearly half a century, the civil code was in the economic and social development of the Taiwan region. At the same time, the civil code of Taiwan also faced the same crisis as the civil code of the Chinese family in the continental law system, and the boundary of the concept of the civil legislation should be changed. After the founding of the new China, the former Soviet Union was studied in the civil legislation for the political "one side", and the civil code was intended to complete its civil code, but at that time The affiliation of the legal system to the political system, as well as the exclusion of the planned economy adopted by the system at that time to the transaction between the equal subjects, does not have the conditions to produce the civil law. Therefore, despite several attempts to make the civil code, it has not been realized. After the reform and opening up, the legislature is constantly on the basis of the principle of seeking truth from facts. After years of efforts, China has built up a civil law system which is basically consistent with the civil law of the civil law countries. At the same time, through the judicial interpretation of the supreme judicial organs, the civil legislation of China has a moderate openness while the civil legislation of China is systematic. In this sense, the concept of codification of civil legislation in China has changed into a systematic concept of civil legislation after the reform and opening up. In order to better realize the benefits of the system concept of civil legislation, the existing civil law system should be arranged in time, and the relationship between civil laws in the system should be combed, and the relationship between civil law and the system should be combed. In the unsound part, the existing parts are transformed, and the civil law system of the general rules of the civil law, the civil law of other civil laws as the special law, and the openness of the civil law system are maintained, and the civil law system of the civil law is formulated in the framework of the civil basic law. The civil law system formed under the guidance of the concept of chemistry is the object of the civil law system operation. The civil law doctrine running in the civil law system is also distinctly different from the concept law, the interest law and the civil law under the guidance of the state of evaluation. Civil law in civil law system is recognized by the system within the civil law system. The process of production complexity promotes the evolution of the civil law system and further promotes the development of the civil law system. The system concept of civil legislation is also reflected in the understanding of the law of law in the development of civil law. In the civil law system, the norms of other systems can be introduced in the civil law system, and it is produced by the judicial activities of the court. The legal effect is helpful to alleviate the understanding of the uncertainty of the informal legal origin type in the present civil law. The innovation of this article includes three aspects. First, the legal system theory is used as an important analytical tool in the study. The legal system has the closed and cognitive openness of the law system and the legal system through the other departments. The concept of legal system theory used in the study of civil legislation can clearly explain the development and change process of civil law in the structural coupling movement between systems. Two, on the basis of summarizing the experience of civil legislation after the founding of the new China, especially after the reform and opening of the civil law, The concept of civil legislation in contemporary China is a systematic concept of civil legislation which is based on the theoretical core of pragmatism guided by materialist dialectics. Three is based on the basic value unification of the systematic concept of civil legislation, the internal logic unity and so on, based on the current civil law and the establishment of the general rule of the civil law as a civil law. The basic law of the legal system, and other civil laws, under the guidance of the general principles of the civil law, regulate the civil legal system in specific fields.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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