基于生命周期的稀土外部性理论及应用

发布时间：2018-06-15 21:59

  本文选题：稀土 + 外部性　； 参考：《北京科技大学》2018年博士论文

【摘要】：稀土是一组具有优良的光、电、磁等特性的重要元素,对高新技术及绿色能源产业的发展起着十分重要的作用。我国稀土资源类型齐全、储量丰富,有力地促进了稀土产业的发展。经过30多年的发展,我国已成为世界稀土大国,稀土产量、出口量及消费量位居世界首位。但我国稀土产业发展时间较短,稀土开采提取技术仍然不够完善,且产业链主要集中在低端领域。而稀土的低端开发会对生态环境产生破坏,相反地稀土在高端应用领域却潜力巨大,稀土在低端、高端的外部性及效益分布的不均衡影响及阻碍了我国稀土产业的可持续发展。本文面向我国稀土可持续发展及利用,以稀土低端和高端的外部性及效益均衡为目标,构建基于稀土生命周期的外部性及效益均衡的理论及评价方法模型,并以我国主要稀土矿区白云鄂博稀土矿为案例,应用所提出的理论及方法,分析稀土外部成本及外部收益在其产业链中的分布规律。通过对白云鄂博稀土氧化物生产过程进行外部性分析评价,结果表明2013年其稀土氧化物(REO)生产过程中的外部性是负外部性,生产1吨REO带来的外部成本为3.4万元,主要来自大气及水体污染,二者占其外部成本的70%;其带来的市场价值为102660元/吨,主要来自氧化钕及氧化镨,二者占其市场价值的75%。外部成本占其市场价值的33%,而包钢稀土所付出的实际外部成本只占其市场价值的22%左右,稀土氧化物生产过程中的外部成本并没有完全得到补偿,而这部分没有得到补偿的外部成本转嫁到周边环境及居民,使得周边生态环境和居民健康状况不断恶化。通过对白云鄂博钕铁硼永磁材料生产应用及废料回收过程进行外部性评价,结果表明2013年钕铁硼永磁材料生产带来的市场价值为44万元/吨,其生产及终端应用的外部性以正外部性为主,外部收益为42万元/吨,正外部性主要来自钕铁硼在其终端应用中带来的节能等效应对人类社会的贡献。钕铁硼永磁废料回收1吨稀土氧化物带来的市场价值为24万元/吨,其外部性以正外部性为主,外部收益为3.1万元/吨,其正外部效应主要体现在由于不用对原矿矿石进行开采冶炼,从而减少了对生态环境的破坏,并充分利用稀土资源,提高稀土资源的利用效率。从评价结果可以看出,随着产业链从开采向应用的延伸,稀土生命周期阶段中的外部性逐步由负外部性转向正外部性,且其外部收益在其产业价值链中的占比不断增大。在现实中,国家可以对上游企业进行适度征税,以补偿外部成本,同时对下游高端应用企业进行补贴,以补偿其外部收益,进而刺激稀土企业进入下游领域。各大企业通过改进稀土冶炼工艺,减少废气及废水的排放量,可以减少其外部成本;拓展产业链,进入终端应用市场,增强下游竞争力,积极推进稀土回收产业的发展可以最大程度地获取稀土产业带来的外部收益,最终可以促进企业及整个稀土产业的可持续发展。
[Abstract]:Rare earth is an important element with excellent properties of light, electricity and magnetism. It plays a very important role in the development of high technology and green energy industry. The rare earth resources of our country are complete and rich in reserves, which have promoted the development of the rare earth industry. After more than 30 years of development, China has become the world's rare earth country, and the output of rare earth has been produced. But the development time of the rare earth industry is short, the extraction technology of rare earth mining is still not perfect, and the industrial chain is mainly concentrated in the low end. The low end development of the rare earth will destroy the ecological environment. On the contrary, the rare earth has great potential in the high-end application area, and the rare earth is in the low end and the high end outside. The disequilibrium of the distribution of sex and benefit has hindered the sustainable development of the rare earth industry in China. In this paper, the sustainable development and utilization of rare earth in China, aiming at the equilibrium of the low end and high-end externalities and benefits of the rare earth, is aimed to construct the theory and evaluation method model based on the rare earth life cycle externality and benefit balance. The rare earth mine in the rare earth mining area, Baiyunebo rare earth ore, is used as a case. The distribution law of the rare earth's external cost and external income in its industrial chain is analyzed by the theory and method. The Externality Analysis of the rare earth oxide production process in Baiyunebo shows the externality of the rare earth oxide (REO) in the production process of the rare earth oxide (REO). It is negative externality, the external cost of producing 1 tons of REO is 34 thousand yuan, mainly from air and water pollution and 70% of its external cost, and its market value is 102660 yuan / ton, mainly from neodymium oxide and praseodymium oxide, and the two of the two accounts for 33% of its market value, while the rare earth of Baotou Steel is paid by the two. The actual external cost only accounts for about 22% of its market value. The external cost of the rare earth oxide production process is not completely compensated, and the external cost that is not compensated is transferred to the surrounding environment and residents, making the surrounding ecological environment and the health status of the residents not broken. Through the Baiyunebo NdFeB permanent magnetic material The production application and waste recycling process are evaluated externally. The results show that the market value of NdFeB permanent magnetic materials in 2013 is 440 thousand yuan per ton, the externality of its production and terminal application is positive externality, the external income is 420 thousand yuan / ton, and the positive externality comes mainly from the energy saving of Nd-Fe-B in its terminal application. The market value of NdFeB permanent magnetic waste recycling 1 tons of rare earth oxide is 240 thousand yuan per ton, its externality is positive externality, and the external income is 31 thousand yuan / ton. The positive external effect is mainly reflected in the lack of mining and smelting of ore ore, thus reducing the damage to the ecological environment, and We can make full use of rare earth resources to improve the utilization efficiency of rare earth resources. From the evaluation results, it can be seen that with the extension of the industrial chain from mining to application, the externality of the rare earth life cycle phase is gradually shifted from negative externality to positive externality, and the proportion of its external income in its industrial value chain is increasing. In reality, the state can be used. In order to compensate the external cost, the upstream enterprises should be moderately taxed to compensate the external cost, and at the same time subsidize the high-end application enterprises in the lower reaches in order to compensate their external income, and then stimulate the rare earth enterprises to enter the downstream area. The terminal application market, enhance the competitiveness of the downstream, and actively promote the development of the rare earth recovery industry can maximize the external income of the rare earth industry, and ultimately promote the sustainable development of the enterprises and the whole rare earth industry.
【学位授予单位】：北京科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2018
【分类号】：TD865;TF845
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本文编号：2023787