太行山片麻岩困难立地土壤理化性质及其植被恢复技术研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 03:24

本文选题：太行山　切入点：片麻岩　出处：《河北农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究以太行山片麻岩山区植被退化的天然荒草坡和基岩裸露的灌草坡以及人工爆破整地形成的隔坡梯田台面和覆土梯田坡面为研究对象,研究该区域不同立地类型土壤物理化学性质及物种组成,比较天然退化山场和人工整地形成的梯田山场的蓄水保肥能力,试验示范了陡坡立面植生袋造林、灌草坡上鱼鳞坑造林、梯田坡面营养钵造林、近自然坡面撒播、人工台面经济林果营造5项造林技术,探索总结该地区适宜的恢复模式和技术,旨在为该地区植被恢复与重建的技术选择和树种配置提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:⑴4种立地类型植物均由灌木和草本组成,就灌木层而言,天然退化山地如荒草坡和灌草坡面,荆条的重要值分别达94.00和96.86,在灌木层中占据绝对优势地位;梯田坡面上,多花胡枝子和荆条的重要值分别达到86.57和76.36,是该层的主要优势种;梯田台面上主要是人工栽植的金银花和山桃,重要值分别达69.64和12.83。4种立地类型植物草本主要物种有中华隐子草、早熟禾、苜蓿、小红菊、地梢瓜、狗尾草、灰绿藜等。灌木层和草本层的生态优势度指数、物种多样性指数及均匀度指数总体表现一致,为梯田坡面梯田台面荒草坡灌草坡。总体来讲,各立地类型物种丰富度低,组成结构简单,且草本层物种丰富度明显高于灌木层,鲜有低矮乔木,反映出植被退化严重,生态系统非常脆弱的现状。⑵4种立地类型土壤密度表现为:梯田台面(1.65 g/cm3)灌草坡(1.53 g/cm3)梯田坡面(1.52 g/cm3)荒草坡(1.50g/cm3);不同立地类型土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均表现为:梯田坡面荒草坡灌草坡梯田台面,土壤密度与土壤孔隙度总体呈负相关性,表明人工整地对于改善土壤的孔隙结构具有一定的促进作用;土壤持水力总体表现为:梯田坡面梯田台面荒草坡灌草坡,人工整地立地类型的土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量是天然立地类型的土壤最大持水量和毛管持水量的2倍;土壤稳渗速率表现为:梯田坡面(4.82mm/min)梯田台面(2.88mm/min)荒草坡(1.23mm/min)灌草坡(0.89mm/min),人工整地立地类型的土壤稳渗速率是天然立地类型的2~4倍。⑶4种立地类型的土壤p H在6.5~8.0之间,显中性偏碱性。土壤有机质均值表现为:荒草坡(11.80g/kg)灌草坡(11.68g/kg)梯田台面(5.22g/kg)梯田坡面(4.35g/kg);土壤碱解氮均值表现为:荒草坡(60.86mg/kg)灌草坡(47.13mg/kg)梯田坡面(19.82mg/kg)梯田台面(18.88mg/kg),天然立地类型土壤有机质和碱解氮的含量均约是人工整地立地类型的2~4倍,表明人工整地会造成山地土壤中有机质和碱解氮的严重损失;土壤全磷含量表现为:梯田坡面(1.27g/kg)梯田台面(0.88g/kg)灌草坡(0.73g/kg)荒草坡(0.24g/kg),人工整地的梯田坡面和梯田台面土壤全磷含量明显高于天然灌草坡和荒草坡;土壤速效磷均值表现为:梯田台面(28.42mg/kg)荒草坡(15.07mg/kg)灌草坡(14.50mg/kg)梯田坡面(4.93mg/kg);土壤速效钾的含量在27.94~49.55mg/kg之间,人工整地前后差异不明显。⑷不同植被恢复技术措施实施效果如下:a简易植生袋坡面恢复技术措施实施1年后,编织袋风化破损严重,坡面稳定性不足,撒播的紫花地丁和二月兰的保存量分别为33.4%和52.1%,分别损失了66.6%和47.9%,恢复状况差,难以实现恢复效果。b鱼鳞坑造林技术措施实施效果显示:金叶榆、侧柏、黄栌、榆叶梅和樱花移植半年后的存活率分别为99%、99%、85%、67%和48%。其中金叶榆、侧柏和黄栌的生长状况明显优于榆叶梅和樱花,基本达到植被恢复与重建的预期效果。c梯田坡面营养钵造林结果显示:造林一个月后苗木成活率不足20%,生长状况极差;一年后进行复查,存活率不足5%,造林示范试验失败。d近自然坡面撒播植被恢复技术实施结果显示:适生性强的紫花苜蓿存活状况较好,且能够长期较好的生长,紫花地丁和二月兰存活状况差,尤其是二月兰,在越冬之后,几乎无一存活。e梯田台面经济林营造技术实施结果显示:山桃、山杏、苹果、核桃都可以在当地片麻岩梯田台面上较好的生长,经过合理的培育管理,可以收获丰厚的经济林果,具有客观的经济价值。
[Abstract]:In this study, the vegetation of Taihang Mountain natural grassland degradation in gneiss area of exposed bedrock and shrub grass and artificial soil formed by blasting of slope separated terrace surface and soil slope terrace as the research object, the research area of different site types of physical and chemical properties of soil and species, comparison of natural and artificial preparation of devolution mountain terraces of the mountains water and fertilizer, the experimental demonstration of steep slope vegetation bag facade afforestation, shrub grass slope scale afforestation, terraced slope nutrition pot planting, sowing in the natural slope and artificial table 5 to create economic forest afforestation technology, explore the recovery mode and technical summary of the area suitable to, technology selection and configuration of tree species in this area the vegetation restoration and reconstruction to provide a theoretical basis. The main results are as follows: 1 of 4 different types of plants are composed of shrub and herbaceous plants on the shrub layer, natural Such as mountain grassland and degraded shrub grass slope, the important value of Vitex negundo were 94 and 96.86, the shrub layer is dominated; terrace slope, and the important value of Lespedeza floribunda negundo were respectively 86.57 and 76.36, was the dominant species of the layer; the table is the main terrace planted honeysuckle and the important value, respectively reached 69.64 and 12.83.4 site types of herb species are mainly Cleistogenes, bluegrass, alfalfa, Compositae, thesioides, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium glaucum. The ecological advantages of shrub layer and herb layer index, species diversity index and evenness index of the overall performance of consistent. Table huangcaopo terrace for terrace slope shrub grass. Overall, the site type low species richness, simple structure, and species richness of herb layer was significantly higher than that of shrub layer, rarely low tree, reflecting serious vegetation degradation, The status quo is very fragile ecosystem. The 4 soil density site types as follows: mesa terrace (1.65 g/cm3) shrub grass slope terrace (1.53 g/cm3) (1.52 g/cm3) huangcaopo (1.50g/cm3); different types of site soil total porosity, capillary porosity and non Mao Guankong porosity are as follows: the terrace slope grassland shrub and grass slope terrace table, the soil density was negatively correlated with soil total porosity, showed that the artificial soil has a certain role in improving the soil pore structure; soil water holding capacity of the overall performance: the terrace slope terrace surface slope grassland shrub grass slope, the maximum water holding capacity of artificial preparation and capillary water capacity is a natural site type of soil the maximum water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity of 2 times the soil type; soil steady infiltration rate as follows: the terrace slope terrace table (4.82mm/min) (2.88mm/min) (1.23mm/min) huangcaopo shrub grass (0.89mm /min), artificial preparation site type soil steady infiltration rate is 2~4 times of the natural site types. 4 different types of soil P H between 6.5~8.0, neutral alkaline soil organic matter. The mean performance: huangcaopo (11.80g/kg) shrub grass (11.68g/kg) terrace (5.22g/kg) terrace slope (table 4.35g/kg); soil nitrogen showed: mean huangcaopo (60.86mg/kg) shrub grass (47.13mg/kg) terrace slope terrace (19.82mg/kg) (18.88mg/kg), content table types of soil organic matter and nitrogen are the natural site is about 2~4 times the artificial site type, that will cause serious loss of artificial preparation organic matter and nitrogen in the soil of the mountain; performance of soil total phosphorus (1.27g/kg): terraced slope terrace table (0.88g/kg) shrub grass (0.73g/kg) huangcaopo (0.24g/kg), total phosphorus content and soil slope terrace terrace table of artificial preparation was significantly higher than the day Natural shrub grass and grassland; soil available phosphorus showed: mean mesa terrace (28.42mg/kg) huangcaopo (15.07mg/kg) shrub grass (14.50mg/kg) terrace slope (4.93mg/kg); the content of soil available K in 27.94~49.55mg/kg between before and after artificial preparation was not significantly different. The following technical measures the effect of different vegetation restoration: a simple vegetation bag slope restoration technology in 1 years after the implementation of bags weathered seriously damaged, slope stability is insufficient, save the amount of sowing is 33.4% Violae and Portland in February and 52.1% respectively, 66.6% and 47.9% respectively, loss recovery, poor condition, it is difficult to achieve the effect of.B scale recovery effect of Silvicultural Techniques: Ulmus, Platycladus orientalis, Cotinus coggygria, survival rate of six months after the transplantation and Sakura flowering were 99%, 99%, 85%, 67% and 48%. of Ulmus pumila, Platycladus orientalis and Cotinus coggygria growing condition was better than that of flowering plum and cherry, Basically reached the expected effect of vegetation restoration and reconstruction of.C terrace slope afforestation results show that afforestation nutrition bowl a month after the seedling survival rate of less than 20%, growth range; one year after the review, the survival rate of less than 5%, afforestation demonstration test failed.D near the natural slope vegetation restoration technology implementation results showed that sowing alfalfa survival status: strong adaptability is better, and better long-term growth, and survival of poor Viola yedoensis Makino Portland in February, especially in the winter, February orchid, almost no one survived the.E terrace mesa economic forest construction technology implementation results show: apple, apricot, peach, walnut can grow well in the local gneiss terrace on the table. After cultivation management, can harvest the rich fruit, with the objective of economic value.

【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S153;Q948

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