咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地的研究进展及展望

发布时间：2018-03-26 14:00

本文选题：盐碱地改良　切入点：咸水利用　出处：《中国生态农业学报》2016年08期

【摘要】：冬季咸水结冰灌溉技术是滨海区高矿化度咸水利用和盐碱地改良的有效手段,该项技术依据咸水结冰融化过程中咸淡水分离的基本原理,基于区域气候特点、土壤水盐运移规律以及作物生长发育规律,在冬季抽提当地高矿化度地下咸水对盐碱地进行灌溉,并在冬季低温作用下迅速冻结成咸水冰,春季咸水冰层融化过程中,咸淡水分离入渗,其中先融化的高矿度咸水先入渗,而后融化出的低矿化度微咸水和淡水的入渗对土壤盐分具有较好的淋洗作用,以上过程实现了春季土壤返盐期的土壤脱盐,结合春季地表覆盖抑盐措施和夏季降雨淋盐,土壤的低盐条件得到保持,保证了作物和植物整个生长期的正常生长。该项技术改变了滨海盐碱区土壤水盐运移特征,使春季土壤积盐期变为脱盐期,咸水结冰灌溉后,春季耕层土壤盐分由最初的12g×kg~(-1)迅速降低至4 g×kg~(-1)以下,脱盐率达到66%以上,实现了棉花、油葵、甜菜等作物在滨海重盐碱地中的种植,提高了柽柳、枸杞、白蜡等盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插移栽成活率,咸水结冰灌溉当年便获得了籽棉产量3 t×hm~(-2)、油葵1.5 t×hm~(-2)、甜菜60 t×hm~(-2),以及90%以上的盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插成活率,促进了滨海盐碱区盐碱地的开发、农业发展和生态环境建设。近年来,通过系统的研究,我们探明了咸水结冰灌溉过程中咸水冻融咸淡水分离规律,明确了咸水结冰灌溉对土壤盐分的淋洗效果,构建了冬季咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地技术体系,确立了冬季咸水结冰灌溉的灌溉时间、灌溉水量和水质等指标体系。本文在以上研究基础上,对盐碱地咸水利用的研究进展进行了总结,并对咸水结冰灌溉基本原理、影响因素以及土壤盐分淋洗效果等方面进行了概述,系统分析了冬季咸水结冰灌溉在盐碱地区农业生产、植被恢复以及咸水利用等方面的作用,并就其未来发展趋势进行了展望。
[Abstract]:Ice irrigation technique of salt water in winter is an effective method for the utilization of brackish water with high salinity and the improvement of saline-alkali land in the coastal area. The technique is based on the basic principle of the separation of salt and fresh water during the process of brackish water ice melting and on the basis of regional climatic characteristics. The laws of soil water and salt migration and crop growth and development were used to irrigate saline-alkali land with high salinity underground salt water in winter, and frozen rapidly to salt water ice in winter, and in the process of melting brackish water ice in spring. Salt and fresh water are separated into saline and fresh water, in which the salt water with high ore content first melts first, then the low salinity salt water and fresh water infiltration, which has better leaching effect on soil salt. The above process realizes the desalination of soil during the spring salting period. Combined with the measures of ground cover and salt suppression in spring and rainfall in summer, the low salt condition of soil was maintained, which ensured the normal growth of crops and plants during the whole growth period. This technique changed the characteristics of soil water and salt migration in coastal saline and alkali areas. The salt accumulation period in spring was changed into the desalination period. After frozen irrigation with salt water, the salt content of the soil in the tilling layer decreased rapidly from 12 g 脳 kg ~ (-1) to less than 4 g 脳 kg ~ (-1), and the desalinization rate was over 66%. The cotton and oil sunflower were realized. The planting of sugarbeet and other crops in seashore heavy saline soil has improved the survival rate of halophytes and salt-tolerant plants such as Tamarix chinensis, Lycium barbarum, white wax and so on. The yield of seed cotton was 3 t 脳 hm ~ (-2), oil sunflower 1.5 t 脳 hm ~ (2), sugar beet 60 t 脳 hm ~ (2), and the survival rate of cutting of more than 90% of halophytes and salt-tolerant plants were obtained in that year, which promoted the development of saline-alkali land in coastal saline-alkali area. Agricultural development and ecological environment construction. In recent years, through systematic research, we have proved the law of brackish water freeze-thawing fresh water separation in the process of brackish water ice irrigation, and made clear the leaching effect of brackish water ice irrigation on soil salt. The technical system of salt water ice irrigation in winter is constructed, and the irrigation time, irrigation water quantity and water quality index system of salt water ice irrigation in winter are established. The research progress of salt water utilization in saline-alkali land was summarized, and the basic principle, influencing factors and soil salt leaching effect of salt water freezing irrigation were summarized. The effects of winter brackish ice irrigation on agricultural production, vegetation restoration and salt water utilization in saline-alkali areas are systematically analyzed, and its future development trend is prospected.
【作者单位】：中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心;
【基金】：中国科学院科技服务网络计划(KFJ-EW-STS-057) 国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD05B02,2013BAD05B05)资助~~
【分类号】：S156.4

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