经营措施对华北落叶松人工林土壤动物群落的影响
发布时间：2018-09-05 14:33
【摘要】：华北落叶松人工林是华北地区重要的森林生态系统类型,在水源涵养、生物多样性保护及林区生态系统维护中发挥着不可替代的作用。但由于长期营造结构简单、树种单一的纯林,导致人工林出现地力衰退、生态系统稳定性降低等现象。合理的经营措施不仅能够提高林地生产力和林分稳定性,改善地表凋落物的组成和性质;同时有利于维护土壤质量和生物多样性的提高。土壤动物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,是生态系统物质循环与能量流动正常运行的关键环节,是森林环境变化的重要生物指示者。经营后林分结构与植被类型的改变会产生与其相适应的土壤动物群落。研究不同经营措施对冀北山地华北落叶松人工林土壤动物群落结构、多样性及功能群的影响,旨在为落叶松人工林土壤生态系统恢复、人工林可持续经营管理提供理论依据与基础资料。本研究以冀北山地华北落叶松人工林不同经营措施(EC:围封、M1:落叶松与白桦幼龄同龄株间混交林、M2:落叶松与白桦异龄带状混交林、M3:群团状择伐林、UC:未经营)下的土壤动物群落为研究对象,采用手拣法与Tullgren漏斗分离法调查不同经营措施林分土壤动物物种组成及数量分布,并依据土壤动物主要食性,对其进行功能群划分;应用SPSS 18.0、forstat和CANOCO 5.0等软件,分析不同经营措施对土壤动物群落组成与结构、多样性、功能群及季节动态特征的影响差异,并结合各经营措施林分内对土壤与凋落物理化性质的调查,探究经营措施对土壤动物群落结构与多样性的影响及原因。主要研究结果如下:(1)共获得土壤动物45 933头,隶属3门7纲19目86个类群。大型土壤动物1 995头,68个类群,优势类群为蚁科、象甲科幼虫、长角亚目幼虫与正蚓科;中小型土壤动物43 938头,57个类群,蜱螨目与弹尾目占绝对优势(94.93%)。从垂直分布分析,大型土壤动物类群数(P=0.001)、中小型土壤动物类群数(P0.001)及密度表聚性显著,而大型土壤动物0—10 cm层密度显著高于凋落物层及10—20 cm层(P0.01);不同种类土壤动物的垂直分布亦有差异。各功能群土壤动物以肉食性类群数最多(33类),腐食性土壤动物密度所占比例最高(96.68%)。(2)围封后土壤动物类群数和密度较未围封林有增加趋势,其中蜱螨目(P=0.003)与长蠹科幼虫(P=0.024)密度增加显著;土壤动物稀有类群种类亦增加。围封后土壤动物群落多样性水平提高,7月、9月DG显著高于未围封林。5月土壤动物类群数、密度及多样性最低,围封后5月H、J显著低于其他月份(P0.05)。土壤动物类群数受环境影响显著,主要受含水量、全氮影响,DG也表现出与含水量的显著正相关关系。(3)经营后土壤动物群落物种组成及数量分布变化显著。大型土壤动物优势类群密度所占比例提高,中小型土壤动物则有下降趋势;经营后大型土壤动物类群数显著增加(P0.05)。不同经营措施对土壤动物群落产生影响不同,7月M3(P=0.002)和M2(P0.001)土壤动物类群数显著高于M1;9月M2内土壤动物密度最低(P0.05);部分稀有类群对经营措施具有一定指示作用。经营后土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener指数H和DG提高,其中H及均匀度指数J以M1最大,且5月J显著高于EC(P=0.031)和M3(P=0.007);DG在全年平均及7、9月以M2最大,且7月显著高于EC(P=0.003)与M1(P=0.014)。(4)土壤动物4种功能群在各经营措施林内的分布不同,除M1腐食性土壤动物类群数略低于EC外,经营后各功能群类群数均增加,其中M2、M3内腐食性、肉食性与植食性土壤动物类群数增加显著(P0.05);经营后植食性土壤动物密度显著降低(P0.05)。M2 3种功能群的DG显著增加(P0.05);经营措施对土壤动物群落H、J的影响因功能群而不同,腐食性土壤动物群落H、J以M1最大,M3最小;肉食性群落H以M2最大,M1最小;植食性土壤动物群落H以M3最大,M2最小。(5)经营措施对土壤动物的类群数、密度、功能群及多样性的季节波动产生影响。类群数在EC与M2中最大值出现在7月,在M1、M3中出现在5月;土壤动物密度季节波动在M1、M2中与EC一致,在M3中则相反;部分类群对季节有一定指示作用。经营后土壤动物群落H、J季节波动幅度减缓;DG季节动态受经营措施影响较大,EC中最大值出现在9月,而经营林9月DG均较小,且M2中9月DG显著低于7月(P=0.006)。腐食性土壤动物季节波动受经营措施影响较小,仅M3 5月密度显著高于9月(P=0.008)和7月(P=0.007);经营后肉食性土壤动物季节间差异显著(P0.05),M2中H(P0.001)与M3中H(P=0.001)、J(P=0.019)月份间差异显著;植食性土壤动物受经营措施影响较大,M1中密度(P=0.024),M2中DG(P=0.046),M3密度(P=0.025)、类群数(P=0.047)及DG(P=0.020)季节间差异显著。(6)经营措施对林内土壤理化性质有显著影响,经营后土壤容重显著降低(P0.05)。相关分析显示,凋落物层土壤动物群落分布受其理化性质影响较小,仅DG与有机质呈显著负相关,而土壤层土壤动物群落分布受土壤理化性质影响明显,RDA排序表明,土壤容重(P=0.002)与有机质(P=0.026)对土壤层土壤动物群落分布影响显著。隐翅甲科、花萤科、蟹蛛科等类群趋向于土壤容重较低的区域,象甲科幼虫、盲蛛目等类群常分布于有机质含量较高的区域,而地蜈蚣目、园蛛科等类群的分布接近原点,表明其对环境有较高的适应性。通过对冀北山地华北落叶松人工林不同经营措施土壤动物群落研究发现,围封通过降低人为干扰降低了土壤容重,有利于土壤动物群落的恢复,其类群数、密度及多样性水平均有提高;在围封区内,异龄带状混交林通过白桦的引入和林分结构的调整,提高了林分异质性,具有较高的土壤动物类群、密度及群落多样性,对土壤动物群落改善具有促进作用。
[Abstract]:Larix gmelinii plantation is an important type of forest ecosystem in North China. It plays an irreplaceable role in water conservation, biodiversity protection and forest ecosystem maintenance. However, the long-term plantation of pure forest with simple structure and single tree species leads to the decline of soil fertility and the decrease of ecosystem stability. Reasonable management measures can not only improve the productivity of forest land and the stability of forest stand, but also improve the composition and properties of litter on the surface of the forest. At the same time, it is conducive to maintaining the improvement of soil quality and biodiversity. The changes of stand structure and vegetation types after management will produce soil fauna communities adapted to the changes of forest environment. The effects of different management measures on soil fauna community structure, diversity and functional groups of Larix gmelinii plantation in northern Hebei mountainous area were studied in order to provide soil ecosystem for Larix gmelinii plantation. In this study, soil fauna under different management measures (EC: enclosure, M1: Larch and birch juvenile mixed forest, M2: Larch and birch mixed forest of different ages, M3: group selective felling forest, UC: uncovered) were studied. The species composition and quantity distribution of soil fauna under different management measures were investigated by hand-picking method and Tullgren funnel separation method, and their functional groups were divided according to the main food habits of soil fauna. The main results are as follows: (1) A total of 45 933 soil fauna belonging to 3 phyla, 7 classes, 19 orders and 86 groups were obtained. There were 1 995 large soil animals, 68 groups, the dominant groups were ant family, weevil larvae, Longhorn suborder larvae and Orthogonidae, 43 938 small and medium soil animals, 57 groups, Acaridae and Lepidoptera accounted for the absolute dominance (94.93%). The density of Soil Macrofauna in 0-10 cm layer was significantly higher than that in litter layer and 10-20 cm layer (P 0.01), and the vertical distribution of different kinds of soil fauna was also different. The density of Acaridae (P = 0.003) and Bark beetle (P = 0.024) increased significantly, and the species of rare groups of soil fauna also increased. The diversity of soil fauna community increased significantly after enclosure, and DG was significantly higher in July and September than that of unclosed forest. The number of soil fauna was significantly affected by environmental impact, mainly by water content, total nitrogen, and DG also showed a significant positive correlation with water content. (3) Species composition and quantitative distribution of soil fauna community changed significantly after management. The number of soil fauna in M3 (P = 0.002) and M2 (P 0.001) in July was significantly higher than that in M1; the density of soil fauna in M2 in September was the lowest (P 0.05); some rare groups had certain effects on management measures. The Shannon-Wiener index H and DG of soil fauna community increased after management, among which H and evenness index J were the highest in M1, and J was significantly higher in May than EC (P = 0.031) and M3 (P = 0.007); DG was the largest in average and M2 in July and September, and was significantly higher in July than those of EC (P = 0.003) and M1 (P = 0.014). 4. Different cloth, except M1 humic soil fauna group was slightly lower than EC, the number of functional groups increased after management, including M2, M3 humic, carnivorous and phytophagous soil fauna group increased significantly (P 0.05); after management, the density of phytophagous soil fauna decreased significantly (P 0.05). DG of M23 functional groups increased significantly (P 0.05); The influence of soil fauna community H and J varies with functional groups. The humic soil fauna community H and J are the largest in M1 and the smallest in M3; the carnivorous community H is the largest in M2 and the smallest in M1; and the phytophagous soil fauna community H is the largest in M3 and the smallest in M2. (5) Management measures affect the seasonal fluctuation of soil fauna population, density, functional groups and diversity. The maximum values of EC and M2 appeared in July and in M 1 and M3 in May; the seasonal fluctuation of soil animal density in M 1 and M2 was the same as that in EC, but was opposite in M3; some groups had a certain indication of season; the seasonal fluctuation amplitude of soil animal community H and J slowed down after management; the seasonal dynamics of DG was greatly affected by management measures; the maximum value of EC appeared in September. The seasonal fluctuation of saprophytic soil fauna was less affected by management measures, and the density of saprophytic soil fauna was significantly higher in March and May than in September (P = 0.008) and July (P = 0.007); the seasonal variation of carnivorous soil fauna was significant (P 0.05), H in M2 (P = 0.001) and H in M3 (P = 0.001) and J (P = 0.019). There were significant differences between seasons in M1 medium density (P = 0.024), M2 DG (P = 0.046), M3 density (P = 0.025), group number (P = 0.047) and DG (P = 0.020). (6) Management measures had significant effects on soil physical and chemical properties, and soil bulk density decreased significantly after management (P 0.05). Distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer was less affected by its physical and chemical properties, only DG was negatively correlated with organic matter, while the distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer was significantly affected by soil physical and chemical properties. RDA ordination showed that soil bulk density (P = 0.002) and organic matter (P = 0.026) had significant effects on the distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer. Araneae and other groups tend to be in the lower soil bulk density area, weevil larvae, blind spiders and other groups are often distributed in the areas with higher organic matter content, while the distribution of centipedes, arachnidae and other groups close to the origin, indicating that they have a higher adaptability to the environment. Soil dynamics of Larix gmelini Plantations under different management measures in northern Hebei mountainous area The results showed that enclosure reduced soil bulk density by reducing man-made disturbance, which was beneficial to the restoration of soil fauna community, and increased the number, density and diversity of soil fauna. In enclosure area, the introduction of Betula platyphylla and the adjustment of forest structure improved the heterogeneity of soil fauna. Group density and community diversity promoted soil animal community improvement.
【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S714.3
本文编号：2224574
[Abstract]:Larix gmelinii plantation is an important type of forest ecosystem in North China. It plays an irreplaceable role in water conservation, biodiversity protection and forest ecosystem maintenance. However, the long-term plantation of pure forest with simple structure and single tree species leads to the decline of soil fertility and the decrease of ecosystem stability. Reasonable management measures can not only improve the productivity of forest land and the stability of forest stand, but also improve the composition and properties of litter on the surface of the forest. At the same time, it is conducive to maintaining the improvement of soil quality and biodiversity. The changes of stand structure and vegetation types after management will produce soil fauna communities adapted to the changes of forest environment. The effects of different management measures on soil fauna community structure, diversity and functional groups of Larix gmelinii plantation in northern Hebei mountainous area were studied in order to provide soil ecosystem for Larix gmelinii plantation. In this study, soil fauna under different management measures (EC: enclosure, M1: Larch and birch juvenile mixed forest, M2: Larch and birch mixed forest of different ages, M3: group selective felling forest, UC: uncovered) were studied. The species composition and quantity distribution of soil fauna under different management measures were investigated by hand-picking method and Tullgren funnel separation method, and their functional groups were divided according to the main food habits of soil fauna. The main results are as follows: (1) A total of 45 933 soil fauna belonging to 3 phyla, 7 classes, 19 orders and 86 groups were obtained. There were 1 995 large soil animals, 68 groups, the dominant groups were ant family, weevil larvae, Longhorn suborder larvae and Orthogonidae, 43 938 small and medium soil animals, 57 groups, Acaridae and Lepidoptera accounted for the absolute dominance (94.93%). The density of Soil Macrofauna in 0-10 cm layer was significantly higher than that in litter layer and 10-20 cm layer (P 0.01), and the vertical distribution of different kinds of soil fauna was also different. The density of Acaridae (P = 0.003) and Bark beetle (P = 0.024) increased significantly, and the species of rare groups of soil fauna also increased. The diversity of soil fauna community increased significantly after enclosure, and DG was significantly higher in July and September than that of unclosed forest. The number of soil fauna was significantly affected by environmental impact, mainly by water content, total nitrogen, and DG also showed a significant positive correlation with water content. (3) Species composition and quantitative distribution of soil fauna community changed significantly after management. The number of soil fauna in M3 (P = 0.002) and M2 (P 0.001) in July was significantly higher than that in M1; the density of soil fauna in M2 in September was the lowest (P 0.05); some rare groups had certain effects on management measures. The Shannon-Wiener index H and DG of soil fauna community increased after management, among which H and evenness index J were the highest in M1, and J was significantly higher in May than EC (P = 0.031) and M3 (P = 0.007); DG was the largest in average and M2 in July and September, and was significantly higher in July than those of EC (P = 0.003) and M1 (P = 0.014). 4. Different cloth, except M1 humic soil fauna group was slightly lower than EC, the number of functional groups increased after management, including M2, M3 humic, carnivorous and phytophagous soil fauna group increased significantly (P 0.05); after management, the density of phytophagous soil fauna decreased significantly (P 0.05). DG of M23 functional groups increased significantly (P 0.05); The influence of soil fauna community H and J varies with functional groups. The humic soil fauna community H and J are the largest in M1 and the smallest in M3; the carnivorous community H is the largest in M2 and the smallest in M1; and the phytophagous soil fauna community H is the largest in M3 and the smallest in M2. (5) Management measures affect the seasonal fluctuation of soil fauna population, density, functional groups and diversity. The maximum values of EC and M2 appeared in July and in M 1 and M3 in May; the seasonal fluctuation of soil animal density in M 1 and M2 was the same as that in EC, but was opposite in M3; some groups had a certain indication of season; the seasonal fluctuation amplitude of soil animal community H and J slowed down after management; the seasonal dynamics of DG was greatly affected by management measures; the maximum value of EC appeared in September. The seasonal fluctuation of saprophytic soil fauna was less affected by management measures, and the density of saprophytic soil fauna was significantly higher in March and May than in September (P = 0.008) and July (P = 0.007); the seasonal variation of carnivorous soil fauna was significant (P 0.05), H in M2 (P = 0.001) and H in M3 (P = 0.001) and J (P = 0.019). There were significant differences between seasons in M1 medium density (P = 0.024), M2 DG (P = 0.046), M3 density (P = 0.025), group number (P = 0.047) and DG (P = 0.020). (6) Management measures had significant effects on soil physical and chemical properties, and soil bulk density decreased significantly after management (P 0.05). Distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer was less affected by its physical and chemical properties, only DG was negatively correlated with organic matter, while the distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer was significantly affected by soil physical and chemical properties. RDA ordination showed that soil bulk density (P = 0.002) and organic matter (P = 0.026) had significant effects on the distribution of soil fauna community in the soil layer. Araneae and other groups tend to be in the lower soil bulk density area, weevil larvae, blind spiders and other groups are often distributed in the areas with higher organic matter content, while the distribution of centipedes, arachnidae and other groups close to the origin, indicating that they have a higher adaptability to the environment. Soil dynamics of Larix gmelini Plantations under different management measures in northern Hebei mountainous area The results showed that enclosure reduced soil bulk density by reducing man-made disturbance, which was beneficial to the restoration of soil fauna community, and increased the number, density and diversity of soil fauna. In enclosure area, the introduction of Betula platyphylla and the adjustment of forest structure improved the heterogeneity of soil fauna. Group density and community diversity promoted soil animal community improvement.
【学位授予单位】：河北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S714.3
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