滇东南岩溶山区水土资源利用与生态环境耦合协调模拟研究

发布时间：2018-04-11 02:20

本文选题：滇东南 + 岩溶山区　；参考：《昆明理工大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：滇东南地区位于云南省东南部,属典型岩溶山区。区内碳酸盐岩大面积出露,在独特的地球化学作用下,喀斯特地貌广泛发育。由于喀斯特成土过程缓慢,土层贫瘠,分布不连续,且受喀斯特二元地质结构的影响,保水能力低下,石漠化现象十分普遍。加之岩溶生态系统变易敏感度高,灾变承受能力低,环境容量小,生态环境极其脆弱。滇东南地区是云南省重要的传统农业经济区,土地面积仅占6%的坝区集中了2/3的人口和1/3的耕地,但水资源量仅占5%,水土资源空间分布不均。长期以来,由于土地资源的有限性与掠夺式开发利用,使得岩溶区上覆植被被严重破坏,快速的水土流失很快使下伏的基岩直接暴露地表,石漠化迅速蔓延,资源利用与生态环境保护之间的矛盾日益突出。开展岩溶山区水土资源利用与生态环境关联耦合协调模拟研究,有助于科学地认识岩溶山区水土资源与生态环境系统内部各要素之间的作用机理,对区域资源与环境可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文深入考察了滇东南岩溶山区水土资源禀赋和生态环境状况,基于3S技术,利用多时段、多平台的遥感影像数据,调查分析了区域石漠化现状分布格局、时空变化规律、成因驱动因素；系统分析了区域水土资源结构、开发利用现状与供需平衡关系,构建了区域水土资源匹配格局测算模型,定量分析了水土资源的时空匹配程度；综合运用熵权赋值法和GIS综合指数模型框架,构建生态环境脆弱性评价指标体系,评价分析了生态环境脆弱性;以互动响应为切入点,分析了水土资源开发利用与生态环境的关联响应机理,基于系统耦合协调理论,构建基于区域水资源子系统、土地资源子系统与生态环境子系统的耦合协调模型,对区域水土资源利用与生态系统进行了耦合协调评价分析；运用系统动力学的理论与方法,构建区域水土资源可持续利用系统动力学仿真模型,并结合广南县水土资源禀赋情况,进行了实证模拟研究,提出了水土资源与生态环境可持续利用策略。主要研究内容与结论如下： 1、石漠化遥感调查与驱动因素分析。滇东南岩溶山区是云南省石漠化最集中连片的分布地区,石漠化类型以轻度石漠化和中度石漠化为主。根据石漠化研究调查结果,1992年至2012年二十年间,石漠化总体上呈增加趋势,且强度石漠化增加的速度较快,生态环境呈现持续恶化趋势。导致区域石漠化演化绝非某一因素单独作用的结果,而是多因素共同作用的结果。岩溶石漠化并不等同于生态环境脆弱区和生态环境质量最差的地区,其特征主要通过生态环境的改变速率、生态系统抵抗外界的干扰能力(包括灾害)及生态系统的稳定性和敏感性来体现。 2、水土资源利用时空匹配格局研究。滇东南岩溶山区水土资源开发利用最突出的特点是缺土、少水,特殊的环境演变背景使其水土资源短缺且时空分布不均。区域内水资源以地下水为主,且难以开发利用；土地资源分布零散,土层薄,易流失,极易引发一系列生态环境问题。水土资源利用时空匹配系数测算结果表明,区域内各县(市、区)由于资源禀赋不同,地貌类型多样、差异明显,水土资源时空分布的不均衡,因此水土资源时空匹配呈现出较强的地域差异性。 3、生态环境脆弱性综合评价研究。区域生态环境集中体现出环境界面变异敏感度高、环境容量低、承灾能力弱、稳定性差等一系列脆弱性的特征。滇东南30个岩溶县(市、区)的生态环境脆弱性评价结果表明,有4个极度脆弱县,4个重度脆弱县,8个中度脆弱县,7个轻度脆弱县,呈两头小、中间大的形势。滇东南岩溶区的生态环境脆弱性反映了岩溶区特殊的自然因素与人为活动的综合作用。根据滇东南岩溶山区实际情况,滇东南岩溶山区生态环境脆弱性机制主要包括山地系统脆弱性、岩溶地质化学脆弱性和人文脆弱性等,多重机制制约是造成滇东南岩溶山区生态环境系统脆弱性的本质。 4、水土资源利用与生态环境关联耦合协调研究。水土资源利用与生态环境之间存在着相互制约的互动耦合关系,其耦合协调度是衡量水土资源利用与生态环境可持续发展的重要依据。2003-2012年十年间,区域水土资源利用与生态环境的耦合度基本稳定,均在0.9以上,而耦合协调度变化较为明显,2003-2005属于中级耦合,2005-2008年属于良好耦合,2008-2012年属于优质耦合。从综合评价结果来看,2003年到2012年区域水土资源利用与生态环境耦合协调度一直处于上升状态,且始终属于两者同步型,这表明水土资源利用与生态环境耦合发展趋势良好,在土地资源的开发利用过程中,比较注重生态环境的保护。 5、水土资源可持续利用系统动力学仿真模拟研究。通过系统分析,构建因果关系图、系统流图,设计系统参数和计算结构方程式,构建了水土资源可持续利用系统动力学模型。该模型共包含133个活性方程,其中状态方程8个,流率方程20个,表函数12个,其他方程,包括辅助变量和外生变量等93个。系统动力学模型调试与检验结果表明模型在数值上具有敏感性,模型的结构是稳定的。从解决广南县水土资源供需平衡问题出发,设计水土资源可持续利用方案,并进行动态仿真和评价,结果表明协调方案是广南县水土资源可持续利用的最优方案,对实现区域水土资源高效利用有指导意义。
[Abstract]:Southeast Yunnan is located in the southeast of Yunnan Province, is a typical karst mountain area. Carbonate rocks exposed in large area, geochemical unique, Karst landforms of Karst. Due to slow soil formation process, barren soil, the distribution is not continuous, and is influenced by the geological structure of Karst two yuan, low water retention capacity, rocky desertification is a common phenomenon. And the variation of karst ecosystem sensitivity, disaster bearing capacity is low, small environmental capacity, the ecological environment is extremely fragile. In southeastern Yunnan area in Yunnan province is an important traditional agricultural economy area, land area accounted for only 6% of the population and the concentration of 2/3 in 1/3 of arable land, but the water the amount of resources accounted for only 5% of the water and soil resources, the uneven spatial distribution. For a long time, due to the limited and the exploitation and utilization of land resources, the karst vegetation was severely damaged, rapid soil erosion quickly to the underlying base Rock directly exposed to the surface, the rapid spread of desertification, the contradiction between resource utilization and ecological environment protection becomes increasingly prominent. Carry out simulation research and ecological environment coupling coordination and utilization of water and soil resources in karst mountainous areas, contribute to the scientific understanding of the interaction mechanism between soil and water resources in Karst Mountain area and internal ecological environment system of various elements, has important the theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development of regional resources and environment.
This paper examines the soil and water resources in karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan resources and ecological environment, based on 3S technology, using multi temporal remote sensing data, multi platform, investigation and analysis of the status quo of regional distribution pattern of rocky desertification, the temporal variation of driving factors, causes; system analysis of regional soil and water resources development and utilization status and the relationship between the structure. The balance of supply and demand, constructs the matching pattern calculation model of regional soil and water resources, quantitative analysis of the space-time matching degree of soil and water resources; integrated model framework using entropy assignment method and GIS index, the construction of ecological environment vulnerability evaluation index system, evaluation and analysis of the ecological environment vulnerability; with interactive response as the breakthrough point, analysis of the development of the use of water resources and related ecological environment response mechanism, system coordination theory based on the construction of regional water resources subsystem based on sub system and land resources The coupling coordination model of ecological environment subsystem, the regional soil and water resources utilization and ecological system of the coupled coordination evaluation and analysis; using the theory and method of system dynamics, the construction of regional soil and water resources sustainable utilization of the system dynamics simulation model, combined with the Guangnan County water and soil resources, the empirical simulation study, puts forward the strategies of sustainable utilization water resources and ecological environment. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
1, analysis of driving factors and remote sensing investigation of rocky desertification in karst mountain area is southeast of Yunnan. The distribution area of rocky desertification in Yunnan province is the most concentrated, type of rocky desertification in mild rocky desertification and moderate rocky desertification. Rocky desertification according to the research results, from 1992 to 2012 twenty years, rocky desertification in general showed an increasing trend, and the intensity of rocky desertification increased rapidly. The ecological environment is worsening trend. Lead to regional rocky desertification is a result of the single factor, but the result of the interaction of multiple factors. The karst rocky desertification is not equivalent to the fragile ecological environment area and ecological environment quality in the worst areas the main features of the ecological environment, the rate of change of the ecological system, resist interference outside (including disaster) to reflect and ecosystem stability and sensitivity.
2, the pattern of time-space matching of land and water resources. The Southeast Yunnan karst mountain area of soil and water resources utilizing the most prominent feature is the lack of soil, water shortage and environmental evolution in the special background of soil and water resources shortage and the uneven distribution of water resources in the area. Groundwater based, and it is difficult to development and utilization of land resources; scattered distribution of soil thin, easy loss, easy to cause a series of ecological environment problems. The utilization of land and water resources, temporal coefficient calculation results show that the counties (cities, districts) due to different resource endowments, landform types, the difference is obvious, the temporal and spatial distribution of soil and water resources are not balanced, so the soil and water resources, space showing strong regional differences.
3, study on the vulnerability of the ecological environment. The comprehensive evaluation of regional ecological environment embodies the environmental variation of interface with high sensitivity, low environmental capacity, disaster bearing capacity is weak, poor stability and a series of vulnerability characteristics. Southeast Yunnan 30 Karst County (city, district) ecological environment vulnerability assessment results show that there are 4 extremely vulnerable counties, 4 severe fragile County, 8 County, 7 mild moderate fragile, fragile County, were two small, the situation in the middle. The southeast area of Yunnan karst ecological environment vulnerability reflects the comprehensive effect of special natural factors and human activities in the karst area. According to the actual situation of karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan the ecological environment in karst mountain area, Southeastern Yunnan vulnerability mechanisms include mountain system vulnerability, karst chemical vulnerability and human vulnerability, multiple restriction mechanism is caused by the intrinsic vulnerability of ecological environment in karst mountain area of Southeast Yunnan.
4, soil and water resources utilization and ecological environment coupling coordination research. The utilization of land and water resources with mutual coupling of interdependent relationship between the ecological environment, the coupling degree is an important basis for measuring the sustainable development and ecological environment of water and soil resources.2003-2012 ten years, regional soil and water resources utilization and ecological environment of the basic stability of coupling that was more than 0.9, and the change of the couplingcoordination degree is more obvious, 2003-2005 belong to the intermediate coupling, 2005-2008 years to 2008-2012 years of good coupling, belong to high-quality coupling. The comprehensive evaluation results from 2003 to 2012, soil and water resources and ecological environment coordinated regional coupling has increased by, and always belongs to both synchronous type, which indicates that good use of water and soil resources coupled with the trend of ecological environment, the exploitation and utilization of land resources in the process, pay more attention to the ecological environment Protection.
5, the system dynamics simulation of the sustainable utilization of water resources. Through the analysis of the system, build the causality diagram, system flow chart, system design parameters and calculation equation of structure, construction of soil and water resources sustainable utilization system dynamics model. The model includes 133 active equations with the state equation 8, equation 20 flow rate. Table 12 other functions, including the auxiliary equation, and exogenous variables 93. System dynamics model debugging and test results show that the model is sensitive in the numerical model, the structure is stable. Starting from the Guangzhou Nanxian to solve the supply and demand balance of water and soil resources, sustainable utilization of water resources and design scheme for dynamic simulation and evaluation the results show that, coordination is the best project for sustainable utilization of water and soil resources in Guangnan County, for the realization of regional soil and water resources use efficiency in guiding significance.

【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X37;X171

【参考文献】