无知之幕背后的道德人格

发布时间：2018-01-07 08:38

本文关键词：无知之幕背后的道德人格　出处：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：罗尔斯的无知之幕学说一经提出,就遭致了众多批评和质疑。争论的焦点是：公平正义原则得以证成的理论基础或前提是什么?非历史的、假设的无知之幕如何发挥作用,蕴涵何种价值旨趣?澄清这一问题的关键,就是把无知之幕的论证看成是一个道德论证,进而才能更好地呈现无知之幕下契约各方自由、平等的理性存在物本质。本文以康德式“人”的概念的解读为出发点,寻找与正义理论相一致的自由平等理性存在物的本性,展现无知之幕下理性而合理的主体自尊与互尊的道德理想。第一章主要讨论符合正义原则需要的公平环境而设置诸多理性限制条件：利益冲突与一致的正义环境,普遍性与一般性的正当概念形式,通过无知之幕的遮蔽与显现,以本体自我的视角为社会基本结构的评价标准提供一个阿基米德支点。第二章主要探讨人们慎思理性,无知之幕下个体拥有和发展善观念的道德能力,各方虽然不知道自己生活计划的具体内容,但自由、平等、理性存在物的本质要求各方首先追求与人们深思熟虑的慎思理性相一致的基本社会善,就理性选择问题进行回应。第三章讨论了个体正义感的能力,作为良序社会的公民,拥有的理解、应用并按照正义原则行动的正义感的能力,可以规范和限制合乎个人理性利益的善观念的能力,两者相互补充相互结合,保证正义原则的选出,以此回应桑德尔“预设的选择”的批评。第四章主要讨论了：与功利主义相较,公平正义原则基本自由优先性规定,享有自由权利的平等地位以及对道德上任意不平等的修正的道义论价值旨趣直指本体自我自由、平等理性存在物本性。无知之幕作为一种解释手段所展现了人们作为理性而合理的良序社会中的一员,所蕴含的高阶利益追求,符合人之为人的本性,这与公平正义原则的道义论价值旨趣相一致。因而,作为适用于具有广泛公共性特征的社会领域的评价标准,公平正义原则具有客观的独立性和规范的社会性,在最公平、最恰当的原初状态下得到订约各方的一致同意。
[Abstract]:Rawls' theory of the curtain of ignorance has been criticized and questioned once it was put forward. The focus of the debate is: what is the theoretical basis or premise on which the principle of fairness and justice can be proved? How does the non-historical, hypothetical curtain of ignorance function and what value purport does it contain? The key to clarify this problem is to regard the proof of the curtain of ignorance as a moral argument so as to better present the freedom of the parties to the contract under the curtain of ignorance. Based on the interpretation of Kant's concept of "man", this paper seeks the nature of free, equal and rational existence consistent with the theory of justice. Show rational and reasonable subjective self-esteem and mutual respect under the curtain of ignorance. The first chapter mainly discusses the fair environment which accords with the principle of justice and sets up a lot of rational restriction conditions: conflict of interest and consistent justice environment, universality and general form of proper concept. Through the obscuration and manifestation of the curtain of ignorance, this paper provides an Archimedes fulcrum for the evaluation standard of the basic structure of society from the perspective of ontological self. The second chapter mainly discusses the moral ability of people to think carefully about reason and to possess and develop the concept of good under the curtain of ignorance. Although all parties do not know the specific content of their own life plan, they are free and equal. The essence of rational existence requires all parties to first pursue the basic social good which is consistent with people's thoughtful thinking of reason and respond to the problem of rational choice. The third chapter discusses the ability of individual sense of justice, as a citizen of a well-ordered society, the ability to understand, apply and act in accordance with the principles of justice. We can regulate and limit the ability of the good idea which accords with the individual rational interest, and they complement each other and combine each other to ensure the choice of the principle of justice, so as to respond to Sandel's criticism of "presupposition choice". Chapter 4th mainly discusses: compared with utilitarianism, the principle of fairness and justice gives priority to fundamental freedoms. The equal status of the right to freedom and the deontic value of the amendment to the arbitrary inequality in morality refer directly to the ontological freedom of self and the nature of the rational existence of equality. As a means of explanation, the curtain of ignorance shows that people, as a member of a rational and reasonable well-ordered society, pursue higher interests, which is in line with the human nature. This is consistent with the deontic value purport of the principle of fairness and justice. Therefore, as an evaluation standard applicable to the social field with extensive public characteristics, the principle of fairness and justice has objective independence and normative sociality. The agreement of the contracting parties is obtained in the fairest and most appropriate initial state.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B82-091

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