桑德尔对罗尔斯“主体”概念的批判及重构

发布时间：2018-01-21 05:23

本文关键词： 罗尔斯桑德尔主体原初状态构成性主体　出处：《内蒙古师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：关于正当与善的优先性的争论,一直是政治伦理中的一个重大问题,而这一问题的起点就在于对主体的概念如何界定,以及主体在社群中处于何种地位、与社群存在着何种关系,并且直接导向个人权利至上还是社群利益优先的分歧。因此这不仅仅是理论上的分歧和争论,它更加关系到在现实社会中个人如何处理自身与他人、自身与社群的情感和利益关系,社群如何保护个人权利、实现社群利益与个人利益的统一,使共同体的构成基础更加稳固。罗尔斯作为新自由主义代表人物,其正义优先性理论在政治伦理学领域产生了巨大影响,使得新自由主义的根基更加稳固,但同时也为个人主义的盛行提供了支持。而桑德尔对罗尔斯正义优先性理论的批判却动摇了新自由主义的根基,让个人主义失去了立足的依据。在这样的理论背景下,本文以罗尔斯的主体观为始点,将桑德尔对罗尔斯主体概念的批判和重构作为重心,落脚于社群对个人发展和自我认同以及和谐个体间关系的重要意义,从这三个方面对研究内容做了相对系统的论述,以期在崇尚个人奋斗和个人价值的今天,重申社群对个人认同和发展以及个人对社群的促进和推动的双向作用,为遏止个人主义泛滥所带来的道德困境提供些许依据和借鉴。罗尔斯的主体概念以康德的先验主体为来源,作为自由主义的主体观,两人的主体概念有很多相似性或者说传承性,尤其是主体先于其目的这一思想,同时罗尔斯也对康德超验主体的模糊性,以及抽象化的主体的立法如何适用于实际等问题进行了反驳,并针对这一问题提出了“原初状态”的学说。论文第二部分主要围绕罗尔斯“原初状态”中的主体和社团概念展开,这一部分主要包括三个方面,原初状态和“无知之幕”的预设、存在于其中的主体特性以及由主体合作而形成的社团。第三部分是桑德尔对罗尔斯主体概念的批判,与前一章相对应地分别从对原初状态、“无知之幕”下的主体和“情感型社团”三个层次的反驳来论述。其中对于主体概念的批判集中于三个方面:对占有主体、选择主体和反思主体的批判。第四部分就桑德尔的构成性主体理论及社群对个人主体构成的作用进行研究,以此为依据,总结探索出社群和构成性主体理论在构成个人的自我认同和协调个人与他人、个人与社群关系上的作用,希望为建立和谐的个体间关系以及社会关系提出伦理实现途径。
[Abstract]:The debate about the primacy of justice and goodness has always been a major issue in political ethics, and the starting point of this issue lies in how to define the concept of subject and the position of subject in the community. What is the relationship with the community, and the direct direction of individual rights is the priority of the interests of the community, so this is not just theoretical differences and arguments. It is more related to how individuals deal with themselves and others, their feelings and interests with the community, how to protect individual rights and realize the unity of community interests and individual interests in the real society. As a representative of neoliberalism, Rawls' theory of justice priority had a great influence in the field of political ethics, which made the foundation of neoliberalism more stable. But it also provided support for the prevalence of individualism, and Sandel's criticism of Rawls' justice priority theory shook the foundation of neoliberalism. Let individualism lose its basis. In this theoretical background, this paper takes Rawls' subjective view as the starting point, and focuses on Sundell's criticism and reconstruction of Rawls' subjective concept. Based on the importance of community to personal development and self-identity and harmonious relationship between individuals, this paper makes a relatively systematic discussion on the contents of the research from these three aspects, in order to advocate personal struggle and personal value today. Reaffirming the two-way role of the community in the promotion and advancement of the individual identity and development, as well as in the promotion and promotion of the individual community. In order to curb the spread of individualism brought about by the moral dilemma to provide some basis and reference. Rawls' concept of subject based on Kant's transcendental subject as the subjective view of liberalism. There are many similarities or inheritance in the concept of subject between the two, especially the idea that the subject precedes its purpose, and at the same time Rawls also has a vague view of Kant's transcendental subject. And the abstract subject of legislation how to apply to the actual issues are refuted. The second part of the thesis mainly focuses on the concept of the subject and the community in Rawls' original state, which mainly includes three aspects. The presupposition of the original state and the "curtain of ignorance" exists in the subjective characteristics and the community formed by the cooperation of the subject. The third part is Sandel's criticism of Rawls' concept of subject. Corresponding to the previous chapter, the primordial state of the pair is respectively. The main body under the curtain of ignorance and the emotional society are discussed in three levels, in which the criticism of the concept of subject is concentrated in three aspects: the subject of possession. Part 4th studies Sandell's theory of constitutive subject and the function of community to individual subject. It summarizes and explores the role of the theory of community and constitutive subject in the self-identification and coordination between individual and others and between individual and community. It is hoped that ethical approaches will be proposed for the establishment of harmonious relationships between individuals and social relations.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B82-051

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