对大科学的认知与伦理的思考

发布时间：2018-03-26 06:27

本文选题：大科学　切入点：学院科学商业化　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：大科学及其相关概念的研究发端于上个世纪60年代,美国物理学家温伯格(Steven Weinberg)首先提出了大科学概念。他认为大科学的出现具有历史的必然性,然而却是一种走向歧途的病态的科学。本文的第一章讨论了大科学的概念及其演变。20世纪80年代开始,"大科学"这一概念不再只是少数科学家们出于自身对于科学发展的焦虑而展开的思考,科学史家、科学哲学家与科学社会学家开始进入这个领域,反思当下的科学研究活动,使得相关理论不断深化与完善。在这个过程中出现了几种较具影响的研究理论,即知识生产的模式2,后学院科学,技科学等。从科学哲学的角度来看,上述大科学概念对主流科学哲学中的价值无涉的客观性概念提出了挑战。事实上,无论是哪种框架路径,无论其立场是站在维护传统科学的形象,或是反思大科学所面临的问题,都展现了一个现实问题,那就是今天的科学不再是价值无涉的,而是同政治力量,商业利益,大众媒体相关联的。然而,当下主流哲学界依然保留着着科学是具有价值无涉客观性的幻想,这种幻想与实际科学活动不符,成为当下侵蚀科学权威性的最深刻的认知根源。企业、政府等多元利益主体都在不断冲击着科学场的边界,商业巨头甚至可以影响科学场域,以科技之名,运用各种修辞手法,成为影响科技决策的主导力量。第二章着重讨论学院科学的商业化问题。对科学的商业化问题和科学知识的商品化现象,在过去20多年中主流科学哲学是研究缺位的。商业化必不可免地带来科学合理性的问题的重审,同时也挑战了默顿式的科学的精神气质。如今科学共同体已经开始制定各种新的学术或行为准则,这说明虽然科学知识生产的商业化情境是不同于默顿在1942年写下"科学的社会规范"的情境的,但同样也不同于社会建构论在70年代批评默顿规范的情境。科学哲学只有跳出分析哲学的限制,走向科学实践,让科学哲学与社会学、与历史学相结合,从跨学科的视角重审科学哲学中的合理性问题,思考认知与伦理的关系问题,从研究"作为理论的科学"转向"作为实践的科学",从"发现的语境"与"辩护的语境"的相互结合中去重新思考科学的合理性,这样才不至于使得科学哲学在当代失去根基。在科学中引入伦理因素后,合理性其实并不会在科学中消失,因为合理性关联着的是科学家的行动,而不是抽象的科学规则。这时的合理性体现在两方面即认识论的合理性和实践的合理性。虽然科学在当下正在遭受着一个严峻的形象问题,但是当科学家意识到他们所负载的对社会、环境、人类甚至无生命之物的多样化的责任时,我们就有希望重塑科学的形象,才能使科学活动服务于社会。这也是当代科学哲学的使命所在。第三章讨论了科学商业化背景下科学缺位带来的一种伪创业现象——"塞拉罗斯现象"。从上个世纪80年代开始,伴随着硅谷的成功,社会开始鼓励大学创造一种经济实体,使其研究成果商业化,即把基础知识转化为市场中的创新产品。这个过程被称为"学院科技的创业化"。学院科学的创业化的动力来自于社会或企业对学术知识与技能的需求,其主要目标在于联系学术世界与私人企业的世界,以满足后者持继不断的新产品、服务与思想的需要。然而,在现在的科技创业中,普遍存在着一种伪创业现象,即有的创业公司根本不具备最基本的科学基础和技术条件,却借用政治,商业和媒体的力量,大量融资,最终的结局却是造成社会各种资源的损失浪费。本论文梳理了大科学概念及其演变的过程,着重考察了当代大科学背景下的学院科学的商业化所带来的认知与伦理问题,讨论了商业资本的强势介入对科学的哲学、规范与伦理所提出的挑战。科学哲学必须跳出其玩弄语言游戏的象牙塔,深入到当下科学实践的场所之中,才能应付这些挑战,服务于科学、造福于人类社会。
[Abstract]:Study of science and its related concept originated in the last century, in 60s, the American physicist Weinberg (Steven Weinberg) first proposed the scientific concept. He believes that big science has a historical inevitability, but it is a kind of morbid astray science. The first chapter discusses the concept of big science and its evolution.20 in the beginning of 80s, the concept of "big science" is no longer just a few scientists for their own thinking, for the scientific development of anxiety and launched historians of science, scientific philosophers and sociologists of science began to enter the field of scientific research activities, reflecting on the current, makes the theory of deepening and improvement. In this process there has been research several influential theories, namely knowledge production mode 2, after the College of science and technology, science and so on. From the perspective of philosophy of science, the scientific concept Study of mainstream science in the philosophy of value concept of objectivity involved a challenge. In fact, no matter what kind of frame path, regardless of its stance on the maintenance of the traditional image of science, or is faced on the problem of science, are showing a real problem, it is no longer science today is value free, but with political power, commercial interests, mass media related. However, the current mainstream philosophy of science is still retains the objectivity of value free fantasy, fantasy and the actual scientific activities inconsistent, become the current erosion scientific authority of the most profound cognitive origin. Enterprise. Multiple stakeholders are government continues to impact the science field boundary, business giants can even influence science field, the science and technology, using various rhetorical devices, become the main force in technology. In the second chapter, a decision Focus on the commercialization of science. College of science and the commercialization of scientific knowledge commercialization phenomenon, in the past 20 years the mainstream philosophy of science is the absence of research. The commercial imperative to bring the scientific rationality of retrial, but also challenges the scientific spirit of Merton. Now science the academic community has begun to develop a variety of new standards or behavior, this shows that although the commercial situation of the production of scientific knowledge is different from that in 1942 Merton wrote "scientific social norms" of the situation, but also different from social constructivism criticism of Merton standard situation in 70s. The philosophy of science only out of analytic philosophy limit to make scientific practice, science, philosophy and sociology, combining with the history, review the rationality problems in philosophy of science from the interdisciplinary perspective, thinking the relationship between cognition and ethics The problem, from the study "as a theory of science" to "science as practice", to rethink the rationality of science from the combination of context of discovery "and" defense context ", so as not to lose the foundation makes the philosophy of Science in contemporary times. Introduction of ethical factors in science, rationality and in fact will not disappear in science, because the rationality of an association of scientists, rather than abstract rules. Then the scientific rationality is reflected in two aspects: epistemology, the rationality and practical rationality. Although science at present is suffering from a serious image problem, but when the scientists aware of the social environment, they the load of the human life, even without the diversity of responsibility, we hope to reshape the image of science, in order to make scientific activities and service to the society. This is the mission of contemporary philosophy of Science The third chapter is discussed. A pseudo absence of entrepreneurship phenomenon brings science background science in the commercialization of the "Serra Ross" phenomenon. From the beginning of the last century in 80s, along with the success of Silicon Valley, the society began to encourage universities to create an economic entity, the research results from business, basic knowledge is transformed into the market the innovation of the products. This process is called the "School of science and technology entrepreneurship." the Academy of Sciences of entrepreneurial motivation comes from the social or business of academic knowledge and skills needs, its main goal is to contact the academic world and private enterprises in the world, which continue to meet the new products constantly, and service needs thought. However, in today's science and technology entrepreneurship, generally there is a pseudo entrepreneurship phenomenon, namely some start-up companies simply do not have the scientific basis and the technical conditions of the most basic, are borrowed from political, business and media The power of a lot of financing, the final outcome is caused by the loss of social resources waste. This paper reviews the process of scientific concept and its development, focuses on the cognitive and ethical problems brought by the scientific background of the Contemporary College under the commercialization of science, discusses the philosophy of the strong involvement of the commercial capital of science. The proposed norms and ethical challenges. The philosophy of science must be out of the play language games into the ivory tower, the current scientific practice place, in order to cope with these challenges, in science, for the benefit of human society.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B82-057

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